3D-Film

A 3D film (three-dimensional film, also correct stereoscopic film or outdated space film ) is a film that gives the viewer through stereoscopic method, a moving image with a sense of depth for stereoscopic vision. 3D movies with special special effects are sometimes referred for marketing reasons as 4D movies.

The inclusion of a 3D film by means of stereo cameras, playback with the help of a 3D display, so the view through a screen or a projection. Spatial vision is made possible by the distance between the two eyes. The film is carried out with two lenses, which is also apart a distance so as to enable the stereoscopic effect. If the eye each fed the right image, creating a three-dimensional impression. The distance between the lenses of the spatial effect can be increased, but then the human brain arranges everything as a smaller.

The first golden age of 3D movies in the years 1953 and 1954, as more and more viewers stayed away from the cinema and would rather saw the cheap television. Film producers tried zurückzulocken with new inventions to the cinema audience. Since it was not possible over the black and white TV to show 3D films, the 3D movie was one of the attractions that could be considered only in the movies. For similar reasons, the 3D technology will be launched again strengthened since 2008.

Technology

For a 3D movie, two images have to be taken up by slightly different perspectives - either with a stereo camera with two lenses or with two separate cameras.

In the early days of the 3D film, the film images were projected onto two separate films with two mechanically coupled projectors. It occurred more often that a film strip and ripped the film screening could only be continued "flat " because a synchronization of the two film strips was barely possible. Remedy there was for this problem only when it was possible to accommodate both film images on a film strip.

The 3D movies of the 1950s and later were mostly either in anaglyph (red- green) technology projects ( these films were the result black / white) or in the polarization process that allows a view in color. The use of modern digital projection systems, either the polarization technique, interference filter technology or shutter glasses. A few films were also listed on autostereoscopic wire mesh screens, for example, in Moscow. Among the works shown was only one full-length film: the Russian film Robinzon Kruzo of 1947.

Various television programs ( or some DVDs ) that are supposed to be sent in the conventional 3D TV, are mostly non-stereo, but use the Pulfrich effect. A special glasses one eye is darkened so that an image arrives with a slight delay in the brain. During recording, the camera is moved sideways, and thus arises when viewing a stereoscopic effect from time to time. Once camera movement ceases the effect is stopped. Without glasses is such a film quite normal (without ghosting or color distortion as in anaglyph movie ) watchable.

Some advertised with 3D technology, computer animation (CGI) or computer games can act only apparently spatially with a second perspective for lack of a second image, have nothing to do with true stereoscopy and are completely "flat". With Polar Express, the first animated film was produced in stereoscopic 3D 2004. As of 2009, more stereoscopic 3D animation films were added, such as Monsters vs.. Aliens or Ice Age 3: Dawn of the Dinosaurs on the Blu -ray discs for high-resolution stereoscopic playback on 3D TVs or 3D projectors are also available in 3D. They are clearly distinguishable from the 3D movies also available on DVD or Blu -ray disc after anaglyphs, which usually some color filter glasses are included ( for example, Journey to the Center of the Earth 3D). Anaglyph 3D movies are run on all existing image display devices, but with the typical in this process qualitative weaknesses in color reproduction and left-right crosstalk, the so-called " ghosting". In the (Internet ) mail order DVDs with IMAX 3D movies ( stereoscopic 3D field sequential ) were distributed, which is also home enabled on matching playback devices ( NTSC compatible) a true spatial reproduction. Meanwhile, however, these have been largely replaced by a large number of available 3D Blu -ray titles.

History

Already in the late 1890s requested the British film pioneer William Friese- Greene filed a patent for 3D movies. 1915 showed Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell an audience at the Astor Theater in New York a 3D test film. However, it took until September 27, 1922 as the first feature-length film in red-green, The Power Of Love, was listed as a silent film in 3D. 1927 put the French film pioneer Abel Gance and 3D sequences in his silent film masterpiece Napoleon, which were soon removed from the film. The first sound film in 3D in 1936, the Italian Nozze vagabonde, produced by the Società Italiana Stereocinematografica.

Took place on May 27, 1937 Garden Show in Dresden in Germany then the first attempt to film in color in the polarization process. The listed at the December 5, 1937 film Close enough to touch, a promotional film of the Boehner - Film, Dresden, for Volksfürsorge - life insurance, the title was program.

One of the first CinemaScope films, another invention, the audience should be lured back to the movies, The Robe (1953), was then promoted as a film that you can see "plastic without glasses ". This was to convince the audience that they had also to do it with a 3D movie you can watch without the unpopular 3D glasses, which was completely wrong of course. CinemaScope has only a very wide image that was initially projected onto a curved movie screen. A real 3D movie, however, need two absolutely different perspective images, one for each eye, otherwise no spatial effect is possible.

The first CinemaScope film, which was actually listed in 3D, 1960 The Treasure of the Balearic Islands ( September Storm ) by director Byron Haskin.

In Germany in mid-2010, more than 310 cinemas able to show digital 3D movies, in Germany, Austria and Switzerland put together around 390 cinemas. A special incentive to do so is the movie Avatar - Pandora, which was specially produced in 3D - imaging technique with mixed real and computer graphic effects.

3D movies are either produced as a two lane 70 - mm film in IMAX 3D proceedings and presented or as a digital cinema version (DCI ) in 2K resolution (eg, Ghosts of the Abyss ).

The viewer wears depending on projection methods either a conventional polarized glasses or controlled by infrared light LCD shutter glasses. When RealD method based on digital projection, the viewer wears polarizing glasses, but the IMAX 3D process is different in that it is circular and not linearly polarized.

Since 2006, increased stereoscopic 3D films are produced again, especially in the U.S.. Digital recording and playback technique eliminates some of the weaknesses of the film-based 3D projection. Image level fluctuations, as can occur through poorly maintained film projectors or inaccurate copied film copies, enter here no longer. Even stripes or spots in the image, which can be visible through scratched or dirty footage, omitted.

Since 2007, and 3D animated films, such as Chicken Little or Shrek, produced in a stereoscopic version, but could only be considered "flat" in the majority of cinemas for lack of digital projection technology.

Improved software also increasingly turned to traditional 2D art films for the cinema environment for 3D convert since 2009. The first examples of this ( controversial ) trends were G- Force - Bite (2009) and published in 2010, Alice in Wonderland and Clash of the Titans.

Since 2009 there is a new 3D projection method. It is based on multi -wave triplets. An advantage of this method is compared with the conventional processes significantly better channel separation. It is known as Infitec ( interference filter technology). It is marketed by the company under Dolby Dolby 3D in 3D digital cinema.

Even film schools deal with the topic of 3D. Thus, the film co-produced 3D Cyber ​​Heidi in 2002 from the University of Television and Film ( Munich). In the spring of 2009, the Hamburg Media School ( HMS) turned a Real 3D Commercial for the Süddeutsche Zeitung called morning. The School for Film and Television " Konrad Wolf" in Potsdam- Babelsberg, followed in November 2009 with the German Real-3D -Movie toppers are not on. The project was funded by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs under the PRIME research project. The film was released in April 2010.

Beginning of 2010 brought several companies, including, for example, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony and Toshiba first 3D televisions on the market, which can be used at home watching 3D movies.

The end of 2012 started with The Hobbit - An Unexpected Journey, the dual -frequency images, instead of the usual industry standard of 24 frames per second projected onto the screen, the first high frame rate 3D movie in theaters. Thus, the 3D image is to be improved.

World 3 -D Film Expo

The first World 3 -D Film Expo after extensive preliminary work in Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, Hollywood, organized - was in September 2003 - on the occasion of the fiftieth " birthday " of the 3D hype of the 1950s in the United States.

During the two- week festival were cinema and short films shot in the golden fifties 3D movies listed over 30 restored in their original format. Many of the films listed later only in red-green were going to see for the first time in the original polarization representation, including Alfred Hitchcock's Dial M for Murder or the long -lost 3D version of the movie musical Kiss Me, Kate. In addition to the film screenings, there was an extensive accompanying program, which was attended by many of those who participated.

On repeated in September 2006 3 - D film Expo there was to see more restored films, Diamonds ( The Diamond Wizard, 1954) or Cease Fire!, Taza, Son of Cochise, Wings of the Hawk, and Those Redheads From Seattle.

4D and 5D, films

4D film is a misleading term for a film in which during the demonstration in addition to the usual image projection means further still be used ( in 2D or 3D) and Mehrkanaltonwiedergabe to increase the completeness of the illusion. In Germany since 2003 is also a chain operators who market such films and the corresponding movie theaters under the name " Magic Cinema 4D ".

So there are 4D movies with the following special effects:

• Seats or entire spectator stands are moved or vibrate
• Perfumes are introduced into the cinema (see also smell cinema)
• Artificial rain and / or fog are produced
• Wind is produced
• Additional actors and animatronics act in front of screen
• So-called Beinkitzler (usually threads of plastic) rotate among the cinema seats.

On display are such films in special 4D cinemas, which are, for example, can also be found on newer cruise ships. The term " Gimmickfilme " cheap productions were with this concept already in the 1950s in particular " upgraded " by William Castle. ( A popular example of this is cry when the Tingler is coming. ) For this purpose, however, were the respective cinema halls each equipped temporarily with the required equipment.

5D, the term film is the same as the term 4D film misleading. In addition to the 4D effects listed above, so-called, there is also still the 5D effect, which refers to olfactory sensations. Thus, for a 3D film and the 4D effects even odors are released in the cinema. Currently ( April 2013 ) exist in Germany only in Berlin, Langenhagen Warnemünde, Wilhelmshaven and Waiblingen called 5D cinema.

Reactions

Some viewers may experience eyestrain and headaches when viewing movies. There are two main effects that are unnatural for human vision: double vision, caused by incomplete separation of the two images and the deviation from convergence and accommodation, the actual by the difference between the perceived position of an object in front of or behind the screen and the origin of the light is caused by the screen.

Other physical reactions can range from dizziness, sweating to nausea. The causes are comparable with so-called Simulator Sickness. Some manufacturers warn that 3D TV can cause " motion sickness, disorientation, eye strain and decreased postural stability ".

Others

• The " gill man " from Jack Arnold's Creature from the Black Lagoon ( The Creature from the Black Lagoon, 1954 ) is regarded as an icon of the 3D film boom of the 1950s. In the costume of the actor Ricou Browning, who was later involved in the film adaptations of the dolphin Flipper was.
• The director of The House of Wax (1953), André De Toth was one-eyed - so could not see physically. The film, starring Vincent Price in the lead role, is regarded as a classic and was one of the first even equipped with stereo sound and later copied by 35 - mm film on 70 mm film.

Movie List

• List of 3D movies - Collection of 3D and 4D movies