Acanthaceae

Barleria prionitis, inflorescence with typical Acanthaceae zygomorphic flowers with fused Blütenkronblättern.

The Acanthus ( Acanthaceae ), caring called hogweed plants also cause confusion, a plant family are within the order of Lippenblütlerartigen ( Lamiales ). It is a mostly tropical family. The eponymous genus acanthus (Acanthus ).

  • 2.1 Medicinal Plants
  • 2.2 ornamentals
  • 2.3 Animal Feed
  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Appearance and leaves

They usually grow as a perennial, rarely annual herbaceous plants; There are also some woody taxa, then there are subshrubs, shrubs or rarely small trees. Most species thrive terrestrial, but there are also some epiphytes. They grow independently erect, prostrate or climbing, if there are twining plants it is applied in a clockwise direction. The Secondary growth in thickness is based on a conventional Kambiumring. In Avicennia aerial roots are present. The stems or branches are terete in cross section or angular often with swollen nodes ( more nodes ). Sometimes thorns are present, which have evolved from reduced foliage leaves, carrying or cover sheets.

The leaves are arranged in whorls or rarely alternate, distributed in basal rosettes or opposite, on the stem, while the leaves of an opposing pair may be both the same ( isophyll ) or different ( anisophyll ). The leaf blades are usually simple to rarely shared. The Blattnervatur is pinnate and network annoying. The leaf surfaces can be spotted glandular. The leaf margins are smooth, wavy, notched, toothed or serrated. Stipules are absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are individually rare, usually in dense clusters to several or many in terminal or lateral, aged men, paniculate, racemose, diachsial zymösen inflorescences together. The flower or diachsialen bundles is a little depending on the type and the green or large and luminous colored bract available. Most are under two of each flower bracts present, rarely absent. The flowers are stalked or sessile.

The hermaphrodite flowers are usually fünfzählig and more or less strongly zygomorphic. The rarely four, usually five sepals are fused at least at their base and ends in four, five, ten or twenty calyx teeth; Thunbergia in the cup is reduced to a entire, cup-shaped ring. The crown is in some taxa resupinat by a 180 ° of the corolla tube. The five petals are fused into one are usually cylindrical or funnel-shaped corolla tube. The Corolla lobe can be almost the same or the crown is often two-lipped, or rare it is to be single lip with three Kronlappen. The upper lip can be almost entire to bilobed. The lower lip is three-lobed. The Corolla lobe can ascending, downwards like a spoon, turned or open in the Blütenknope. The original five are always reduced to four or two fertile stamens; they are shorter or longer than the corolla. The stamens are fused freely or in pairs, only Strobilanthes they are all grown together at their base. The anthers have one or two counters and open usually with a longitudinal slot. There are ( zero to ) two or three staminodes present. Two carpels are fused to a zweifächerigen, superior ovaries. In central angle constant placentation are present per ovary compartment two to many ovules. There is a ring and nectar production discus at the base of the ovary present. The thin style ends in a funnel-shaped scar or scars two branches, while one or both recurved rolled up, sometimes suppressed a. Pollination is by birds ( Ornithophilie ) or by insects ( entomophily ), the construction of the flowers is clearly matched to the pollinators.

The flowers formula is:

Fruit and seeds

The sometimes stalked, loculicidalen capsule fruits are zweiklappig and hurl explosive the two, mostly just few or rarely many seeds out. The septum remains attached to the inner wall of mature capsule fruit or separated them yourself. At the upper end of the fruit there may be a beak. Rarely, the fruits are drupe -like. The surface of the seed is smooth, roughened, glabrous or pubescent, sometimes with hygroscopic trichomes that expand when wet.

Ingredients

Often Cystoliths are available (but not, for example, at Acanthus, Blepharis, Nelsonia, Ophiorrhiziphyllon, Staurogyne, Thunbergia ), they are created by the accumulation of silica and calcium carbonate. The seeds contain fatty oils, proteins and reserve cellulose, but probably no strength. Important ingredients are polyphenols, essential oils, Straight Side, non-volatile isoprenoid compounds and alkaloids.

Use

Medicinal plants

Some species are medicinal plants:

  • True acanthus (Acanthus mollis )
  • Kalmegh ( Andrographis paniculata )
  • Malabarnuss ( Justicia vasica )
  • Called Spiny Water friend or Spiny water Wedel ( hydrophila spinosa)

Ornamental plants

There are in this family a whole range of genres with some species that are suitable as ornamental plants for parks and gardens, as well as houseplants:

  • Acanthus
  • Aphelandra: for example Glanzkölbchen ( Aphelandra squarrosa ).
  • Barleria: for example Barleria lupulina.
  • Crossandra: for example Crossandra infundibuliformis.
  • Eranthemum: for example Eranthemum pulchellum.
  • Fittonien ( Fittonia ): for example Fittonia albivenis.
  • Justicia: for example, room and hops Jakobinie ( Justicia betonica, brandegeeana Justicia Justicia carnea).
  • Hemigraphis
  • Hypoestes
  • Odontonema
  • Pachystachys: for example Pachystachys lutea.
  • Pseuderanthemum
  • Ruellia: for example Ruellia elegans, Ruellia simplex.
  • Sanchezia: for example Sanchezia parvibracteata.
  • Thunbergia for example, black-eyed Susan ( Thunbergia alata ), Thunbergia erecta, Thunbergia laurifolia.
  • Whitfieldia

As aquarium plants, some species of the genus water friends, even water fronds are called ( Hygrophila ) are used.

Animal feed

As can crop the South American species are called Trichanthera gigantea, which is abundantly produced protein containing animal feed and used in Asia.

System

The Acanthaceae family was first published in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu under the name " Acanthi ". Type genus is Acanthus L.. Synonyms for Acanthaceae Juss. are: Avicenniaceae Miq, Justiciaceae Raf, Mendonciaceae Bremek, Meyeniaceae Sreem, Nelsoniaceae Sreem, Thunbergiaceae Lilja. .. .. .

The Acanthus family ( Acanthaceae ) is divided into four subfamilies and 229-250 genera with about 3,500 to 4,000 types:

  • Subfamily Acanthoideae Link: There are usually herbaceous plants. There are usually showy bracts present. The distribution is worldwide - there are about ten genera in the New World and about ten genera in the Old World. In this subfamily, the capsule fruits are stalked. The subfamily of Acanthoideae is divided into six tribes, and contains about 217-237 genera with about 3220 species: Tribus Acantheae: The four stamens each have only one theca. It contains about 20-21 genera and about 500 species: In the Old World: With double lip crowns. There are about ten genera: Acanthopsis Harvey: The approximately 64 species occur in the Capensis.
  • Acanthus L. (syn.: Acanthodus Raf. ): It contains 20 to 25 species in tropical to subtropical regions of the Old World: Europe, Africa, southern Asia, on the Malay Archipelago and Australasia.
  • Achyrocalyx R.Benoist: The only three species are found only in Madagascar.
  • Blepharis Juss. , The approximately 130 species are from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula spread to southern Asia and Southeast Asia.
  • Crossandra Salibury: The 50 to 52 species are found in Africa, Madagascar, Arabian peninsula and spread to the Indian subcontinent.
  • Crossandrella CBClarke: The only two species are widespread in tropical Africa.
  • Cynarospermum Vollesen: it contains only one type: Cynarospermum asperrimum ( Nees ) Vollesen: It is native to India.
  • Streptosiphon hirsutus Mildbr. It occurs only in Tanzania.
  • Aphelandra R.Br.: The about 180 species are from Mexico to Peru, Bolivia and Argentina widespread.
  • Cyphacanthus Leonard: It contains only one type: Cyphacanthus atopus Leonard: It occurs only in Colombia.
  • Orophochilus stipulaceus Lindau: It occurs only in Peru.
  • Salpixantha coccinea Hook:. It occurs only in Jamaica.
  • It contains about seven genera with about 75 species: Andrographis Wall. ex Nees ( Syn: Haplanthoides HWLi, Haplanthus Nees. ): The approximately 20 species are distributed in tropical to subtropical Asia, for example: Andrographis paniculata
  • Graph Andra procumbens JBImlay: It occurs only in Thailand.
  • It contains about 13 genera with about 420 species: Acanthostelma Bidgood & Brummitt
  • Acanthura Lindau
  • Barleria L.: The approximately 80 to 120 to 300 species are found in tropical areas of Africa and Asia, a type common in the Neotropics.
  • Barleriola Oerst.
  • Borneacanthus Bremek.
  • Boutonia DC.
  • Chroesthes Benoist: The only three species are common in China, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia.
  • Crabbea Harv.
  • Golaea Chiov.
  • Hulemacanthus S.Moore
  • Lasiocladus Boii ex Nees
  • Lepidagathis Willd. Contains approximately 100 species in tropical and subtropical areas, mainly in the Paläotropis.
  • Pericalypta Benoist
  • Subtribe Diclipterinae Nees: it contains about nine genera ( selection): Dicliptera Juss.
  • Hypoestes Sol. ex R.Br.: The about 150 species are widespread in the Old World.
  • Brachystephanus Nees (including Oreacanthus ): The approximately 24 species are widespread in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Conocalyx Benoist: it contains only one type: Conocalyx laxus Benoist: It occurs only in Madagascar.
  • Afrofittonia Lindau
  • Ambongia Benoist
  • Angkalanthus Balf. f
  • Anisacanthus Nees
  • Anisotes Nees: With about 19 species.
  • Aphanosperma TFDaniel: it contains only one type:
  • Aphanosperma sinaloensis ( Leonard & Gentry ) TFDaniel: It is located in northwestern Mexico.
  • Ascotheca Heine
  • Asystasia flower: The approximately 40 to 70 species are distributed in tropical to subtropical regions of the Old World, such as: Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson
  • Kudoacanthus albonervosa Hosokawa: It occurs only on Taiwan. She is known only from a few collections made and thrives in the evergreen rain forests at altitudes between 600 and 700 meters.
  • Leptostachya wallichii Nees: It is widespread in tropical Asia.
  • It contains about 44 genera with about 750 species: Acanthopale CBClarke: It contains about seven species.
  • Apassalus Kobuski
  • Benoicanthus Heine & A.Raynal
  • Bravaisia ​​DC. With three kinds.
  • Brillantaisia ​​P.Beauv. Contains about 20 species.
  • Brunoniella Bremek.
  • Calacanthus T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook. f
  • Dischistocalyx T.Anderson ex Benth. & Hook. f
  • Duosperma Dayton
  • Dyschoriste Nees ( Snake Herb): It contains about 50 species.
  • Echinacanthus Nees: The approximately four species are found in India, Bhutan, Nepal, China ( three species) and Vietnam widespread.
  • Epiclastopelma Lindau
  • Eremomastax Lindau
  • Hemigraphis Nees
  • Heteradelphia Lindau
  • Water Friends ( Hygrophila R.Br., Syn: Adenosma non Nees R. Br, Asteracantha Nees, Cardanthera Buchanan - Hamilton ex Benth & JDHook, Hemiadelphis Nees, Kita A.Chev, Nomaphila Flower, Physichilus Nees, Polyechma. .. Hochstetter, Santapaua NPBalakrishnan & K.Subramanyam, Synnema Bentham, Tenoria Dehnhardt & Giordano non Sprengel ): The about 100 species are widespread in tropical and subtropical areas. There are often water or marsh plants.
  • Ionacanthus Benoist
  • Kosmosiphon Lindau
  • Leptosiphonium F.Muell.
  • Louteridium S.Watson: it contains about ten species.
  • Lychniothyrsus Lindau
  • Mellera S.Moore
  • Mimulopsis Schweinf.
  • Pararuellia Bremek. The about ten species are common in Southeast Asia and China ( five species).
  • Patalidium Nees
  • Phaulopsis Willd. With about 22 species in tropical Africa, the eastern and southern Asia, and Southeast Asia.
  • Physacanthus Benth.
  • Pseudoruellia Benoist
  • Ruellien ( Ruellia L. ): The approximately 150 to 300 species are distributed in tropical to temperate regions of the world.
  • Ruelliopsis C.B.Clarke
  • Sanchezia Ruiz & Pav: It contains about 60 species.
  • Satanocrater Schweinf.
  • Sautiera Decne.
  • Spiro stigma Nees
  • Strobilanthes Blume: The 250 to 400 species distributed in tropical Asia, of which about 128 species in China.
  • Strobilanthopsis S.Moore
  • Suessenguthia Merxm. Contains six species.
  • Trichanthera Kunth
  • Trichosanchezia Mildbr.
  • Zygoruellia Baill.
  • It contains only three genera: Chlamydacanthus Lindau
  • Lanke Steria Lindl.
  • Whitfieldia Hook.
  • Nemacanthus: It contains about 30 species.
  • Neuracanthus Nees ( Syn: Leucobarleria Lindau): Of the approximately 32 species 18 are on the African continent spread with the greatest biodiversity in the eastern and north-eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula occur four species in Madagascar are home to six species and in tropical Asia are distributed four species from India to Vietnam.
  • Subfamily Nelsonioideae ( Nees ) Sreemadhavan ( Syn: Nelsoniaceae Sreemadhavan ): It contains only (four to ) six to seven tropical genera with about 170 species: Elytraria Michx.
  • Nelsonia R.Br.: With a maximum of five species with wide distribution in tropical Africa, Asia, Australia and South America. You are neophytes in many areas.
  • Saintpauliopsis Staner
  • Staurogyne Wall:. Contains approximately 140 species with pantropischer distribution.
  • Subfamily Thunbergioideae Kosteletzky ( Syn: Mendonciaceae Bremekamp, Thunbergiaceae Lilja ): There are usually herbaceous climbing plants. There are no bracts but often showy bracts present. It contains about five genera ( 150 ) 170 species, mainly distributed in the Neotropics, Africa and Madagascar, a few taxa come from Southeast Asia to Malaysia before. Anomacanthus R.D.Good: it contains only one type: Anomacanthus congolanus ( De Wild & T.Durand. ) Brummitt: It is widespread in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Meyenia hawtayneana ( wall. ) Nees: It occurs in India and Sri Lanka.
  • Subfamily Avicennioideae Miers ( Syn: Avicenniaceae Endl. ): It contains only one genus with eight species. There are mangrove trees mainly in the tropics, but they extend to the moderates widths: Avicennia L.: The eight species thrive in mangroves.

Swell

  • The Acanthaceae in APWebsite family. (Sections Description and systematics)
  • Yunfei Deng, Jia -qi Hu, Thomas F. Daniel, John Wood & John Wood RI: Acanthaceae. In: Flora of China Editorial Committee: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Cucurbitaceae through Valerianaceae, with Annonaceae and Berberidaceae. Volume 19, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 28 February, 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-04-9, pp. 369-378 ( online text is identical to the printed work, Acanthaceae - online). (Sections Description, distribution and systematics)
  • The Acanthaceae family, the family of Avicenniaceae, the family and the family of the Nelsoniaceae Thunbergiaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )
  • Entry in the Tree of Life project. (Section Description and systematics)
  • Leslie Watson: Acanthaceae: Description in the Western Australian Flora, 2008 ( section description).
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