Acrocarpus fraxinifolius

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, young plantation

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is the only species of the genus in the subfamily Acrocarpus carob plants ( Caesalpinioideae ) from the legume family ( Fabaceae ). It is widespread in Asia. During its heyday, when it is covered with scarlet flowers, and shortly thereafter during the fall foliage distribution with its bright red young foliage leaves, is Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, which is one of the highest Asian trees, a spectacle.

• 7.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance, roots, bark and leaf

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius grows as mostly deciduous or evergreen in some areas, medium -sized to large tree, reaching heights of growth of usually 20 to 50, sometimes up to 60 meters. The rapid growth takes place throughout the year. Its cylindrical stem is up to a free of branches up to 3/4 of the total height of the tree, often up to 30 meters. The roots go deep up to 4.5 meters. There were be trained more or less massive buttress roots. Above the buttress roots may still be more than 2 feet of trunk diameter. All plant parts are unarmed. The relatively thin bark is light gray or light brown and smooth to slightly rough. The horizontally projecting branches stay thin. The bark of the branches often has raised lenticels.

The alternate and spirally arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole and the main portion are together Blattrhachis to 80 inches long. The lower leaves of one branch are twice pinnate pairs with three to eight pairs of leaflets against constant of the first order; the uppermost leaves are simply pinnate. Each pinna first order has four to eight pairs of leaflets against permanent. The Blattrhachis and the leaflets of the first order are initially pubescent yellowish- brown fluffy and then glabrous. The stalked, almost leathery leaflets are usually at a length of 7 to 13 (3.5 to 18) inches and a width of usually 4-7 (1.5 to 8.5) cm ovate or ovate -oblong with slightly oblique, broadly wedge -shaped or rounded base, sharpened or pointed top and smooth edge; the leaf surface may be slightly waved. The leaflets have eight to twelve lateral nerves on each side of the main nerve.

Inflorescence and flower

In southern India is the flowering season between November and January when the trees are leafless. In the singly in the leaf axils or in pairs to third hanging on short shoots, 20 to 25 or up to 30 centimeters long, racemose inflorescences many flowers are tight. The Blütenstandsrhachis is hairy fluffy at the top. The small hub and shroud leaves fall off early. The fluffy hairy pedicels are 4-10 mm long. The flowers are initially upright and hanging out later.

The relatively large, hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth, with a diameter of less than 3 centimeters. The base of the flower ( receptaculum ) is bell-shaped. Sepals and petals are outside short hair. The petals are about twice as long as the sepals, and both the base of the flower are hairy yellowish- brown fluffy. The five nearly equal sepals overlap like roof tiles and are ovate or triangular with a length of 2.5 to 4 millimeters. The five free, scarlet, equal-sized petals are oblong or lanceolate with a length of 5 to 9 mm. It is only the outer circle with five stamens present. The straight stamens are at least twice as long as the petals, thus extend beyond the 15 to 18 millimeters long stamens, the flower corolla. The dorsifixen dust bag open with a longitudinal slot. The only stalked, upper continuous, flattened fruit leaf is oblong to linear with a length of 12 to 15 millimeters in outline and contains many ovules. The inwardly bent, short style ends in a small scar. In the blossoms as much nectar is secreted, that it drips.

Fruit and seeds

The long-stemmed, flattened, purplish - brown speckled legumes are at a length of 8 to 15 centimeters and a width of belt- shaped with a narrow, 3-5 mm wide wing on the ventral suture 1-2 centimeters. The legume opens with two flaps and fruit contains 14 to 18 seeds. The lens-shaped, flat seeds are about 5 millimeters obovate, with a length of about 6.5 millimeters and a width. The seed coat is smooth and light brown. It is endosperm present. The embryo has a long hypocotyl and two somewhat fleshy cotyledons ( cotyledons ). In southern India the fruits ripen from April to June. 13000-47000 seeds weigh 1 kg.

Set of chromosomes

The chromosome number is 2n = 24

Ecology

Although Acrocarpus fraxinifolius belongs to the legume it does not form a nitrogen - fixiernden root nodules. The new growth of leaves takes place in the form typical of many tropical deciduous tree species distribution. The leaves are first bright red. There is epigeal germination. Abundant nectar attracts many insects.

Occurrence

Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is widespread in the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, southern China and Malaysia's. Locations are available in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Assam, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Java, Sumatra and the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Yunnan. Of course, this species is 23-27 ° N.

Is cultivated Acrocarpus fraxinifolius in tropical Africa and Asia and the Neotropics, for example, in Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Madagascar, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica.

You meet this kind of at altitudes 0-1500 meters. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius thrives in tropical to subtropical rain forests and evergreen gallery forests. It thrives best in sub-mountainous areas and in the sub-humid tropics with short dry periods. Abundant rains are preferred. It is a pioneer plant, which preferably full light. As a young plant it will also tolerate light shade. It is a typical type of tropical ruderal vegetation. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius thrives best in annual temperatures 19-28 ° C. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is empfpindlich to drought and very sensitive to frost.

In China Acrocarpus fraxinifolius thrives in sparse forests at altitudes 1000-1200 meters. This species is found in Sumatra and Java only rarely and thrives there at altitude 600-1200 meters on rich, constantly moist soil in woods, sometimes it comes to an agricultural country. In Thailand, this type grows in evergreen gallery forests. In India and Myanmar is häufer to be found in areas with annual rainfall 2000 mm, it thrives there best in deep, well-drained, clayey- loamy soils with pH values ​​of 4- 7.In Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania it thrives best in medium altitudes between 1000 and 1500 meters on laterite in humid climates. In Rwanda Acrocarpus fraxinifolius was planted at altitudes up to 1700 meters and in the Republic of Congo up to 2100 meters.

System

The genus Acrocarpus in 1838 erected by Robert Wight with the type species Acrocarpus fraxinifolius in George Arnott Walker Arnott Magazine of Zoology and Botany, Volume 2, pp. 547-548. A homonym of Acrocarpus Wight ex Arn. is Acrocarpus Nees ( in Flora Brasiliensis, Volume 2, 1, 1842, pp. 157 released ) The generic name is derived Acrocarpus for acro - peak or peak and carpos for from fruit, most likely refers to the long -stemmed from the Greek words carpels and fruits. The specific epithet means fraxinifolius eschenblättrig. Synonyms for Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. are: Acrocarpus combretiflorus Teijsm. & Binn. , Mezoneurum grande Miq. , Acrocarpus grandis ( Miq. ) Miq. , Acrocarpus fraxinifolius var guangxiensis SLMO & Y.Wei.

The monotypic genus contains only Acrocarpus the only way Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. The genus belongs to the tribe Acrocarpus Caesalpinieae in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae within the Fabaceae family. After molecular genetic testing Acrocarpus is most closely related to Ceratonia.

The large differences in flower size in the large total distribution area formerly led to the view it would be two types.

Use

Although Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is planting in plantations, and uses the timber only on a local scale. The wood is used Acrocarpus fraxinifolius versatile, for example in order veneers and plywood. It is used in interior walls, for floors, stairs, doors, shingles, Teetransportkisten, beehive frame and a timber. After impregnation to use it as railway sleepers. The wood is easy to work with tools. It is also used as firewood.

The leaves are used as fodder. The resin is used. It is a good bee pasture.

In tropical parks and gardens Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is used because of the beautiful red flowers as an ornamental plant. It serves as a shade tree for example in coffee and tea plantations. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius is used to prevent erosion on river banks and terraced areas. He also serves as reforestation. It uses it as a natural windbreak. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius produces a lot of mulch.

Trivial names

There are many common names worldwide:

• English: pink cedar tree, pink- cedar, red- cedar shingle tree, Indian ash, ash Australian
• Spanish: cedro rosado, lazcar
• French: kuranjan
• Bengali: Mundani
• Burmese: yetama
• Indonesian: delimas, madang pariek
• Thai: khang chang khang khi mot, Sadao chang
• Chinese:顶 果木ding guo mu
• Lao ( Sino - Tibetan ): ket ' hoy, khan khak
• Hindi: kuranjan
• Tamil: Howligemara, Malaikonnai

Swell

• Dezhao Chen, Dianxiang Zhang & Ding Hou: Acrocarpus genus and species Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, pp. 39 - text Registered as printed work, Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 10 - Fabaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-91-7 (Sections Description, occurrence and systematics)
• Sheet at Ecocrop the FAO. (Sections Description, occurrence and use)
• RHMJ Lemmens: Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Arn. In: RHMJ Lemmens, D. AA Oteng - Amoako & Louppe, (ed.): Prota, 7, 2, 2010: Timbers / Bois d' œuvre 2, Wageningen, Netherlands: at Prota online. (Sections description, ecology, occurrence and use)
• Sheet at AgroForestryTree Database (Sections Description, occurrence and use)
• Datasheet for Legumes of the World of Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. ( Section systematics)
• Sheet at ILDIS - World Database of Legumes, version 10.38 of 20 July 2010 ( section systematics).
• National Research Council ( U.S. ). Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation: Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future: Report of an Ad Hoc Panel of the Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council. In: BOSTID reports. Plants. 25, National Academies, 1979 ( limited preview on Google Book Search ).