Allium ursinum
Ramsons (Allium ursinum )
The wild garlic (Allium ursinum ) is a species of the genus Allium, and thus related to chives, onion and garlic. The in Europe and parts of Asia, especially in forests widespread and frequent, early sprouting in plant species is a valued wild vegetables and is widely collected. Wild Garlic is also known as garlic spinach, wild garlic, wood garlic, onion witches, gypsies leeks, Ramsen or forest Herre.
- 6.1 Wild Garlic in the kitchen
- 6.2 Likelihood of confusion with poisonous plants
- 6.3 Medical Terms
- 6.4 Legal situation ( Germany )
Description
The Wild Garlic is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches a height of about 20 to 50 centimeters. The very slender, elongated onion is formed from the approaches of the two leaves and is 2-4, rarely up to 6 inches long. It is surrounded by transparent, whitish or yellowish skins, which are reduced later to a few bristles. Cloves are rarely formed or completely lacking. The upright, compact stalk is triangular foliated to nearly round, and only at the base.
The usually two, rarely one or three basal leaves have a 5 to 20 millimeters long stem and widen abruptly in the 2 to 5 centimeters wide, flat, elliptic - lanceolate leaf blade, which is on the upper leaf surface of darker green than on the underside of leaves. Its smell is typical leek -like.
Bloom time is from April to May The inflorescence is enclosed by a two - or dreiklappigen, pointed ovate - oblong shell that is as long or longer than the flower stalks and soon falls. The fragrant, a few to more than twenty flowers are in an umbel flat bill, bulbils always missing. The straight flower stems are long and 2 centimeters. The pure white perianth consists of six linear - lanceolate, 8-10 mm long bloom cladding which may be pointed or blunt and protruding upright. The pfriemlichen stamens are about half as long as the bracts and fused at the base. The style ends with a simple scar. The fruit stalks are slightly swollen right under the perianth, the ovary is deeply furrowed in triplicate.
The capsules form a few seeds. The chromosome number is 2n = 14
Fresh leaves contain about 0.005 % allicin, dried to approximately 0.07 %. Fresh material contains about 0.5 % alliin and 0.07 % methyl -L- cysteine sulfoxide. In addition to these sulfur-containing compounds to come flavonoids in traces prostaglandins A, B and F, and leaf-specific lectins before.
Dissemination and locations
The wild garlic comes in most of Europe with the exception of the evergreen Mediterranean region and the Hungarian plain to the north of Asia (Asia Minor, Caucasus) at altitudes from sea level to 1,900 meters in height ( Alps) before. He is frequent and is found mainly in large flocks in shady, moist and humus-rich lowland forests and deciduous forests, meadows, ravines, under bushes or in streams.
In Germany the wild garlic is widespread in the south, in the north often. He prefers basins and the floodplains of larger rivers. In Brandenburg and Hamburg is the wild garlic in the Red List in the category 1 (" Endangered" ) out. In Bremen, he is considered to be extremely rare and in Schleswig- Holstein it is 'potentially at risk' (category 4) classified. In Austria it is often up scattered occurring in East Tyrol it is absent in the western and southern Alps area Austria, he is at risk. In Switzerland, deposits are also detected in lower and middle layers.
Not at all locations where it occurs in the form of large stocks of wild garlic is also endemic. He usually has spread independently of artificial plantations and is therefore a Stinsenpflanze. In the north of Schleswig -Holstein and in the Taunus this could be demonstrated by means of several occurrences.
The wild garlic is a nutrient indicator, estimates profound and rich, loose, persistently wet soils. The Wild Garlic belongs to the anemones, the yellow star, the Spring Snowflake flower and the Corydalis Corydalis the group, which is characteristic for moderately moist to moist, calcareous soils. Preferred forest communities are maple, ash, oak or elm mixed forests, in which he an a differentiating lime and nutrient-rich soils with appropriate soil conditions. Particularly common in wild garlic and beech forests it occurs ( limestone beech forests or Braunmullbuchenwäldern ) and is bound in its natural range in oceanic climates or protected sites. In such geophytenreichen forest communities the leaves of bear's garlic cover the entire forest floor in early spring. The wild garlic comes into Central Europe, although only scattered before, but often makes mass occurrence.
Two to three months after the shoot, the leaves turn yellow by heating the upper soil layer and thereby exude the typical garlic odor. Within this time, the seeds must be trained, or be saved for the shoot next spring onions in the back enough nutrients.
Ecology
Spread
Although the seeds of wild garlic elaiosomes wear, but are still not spread by ants. Wild garlic spreads due to buildup of clay soil to animal feet ( Epizoochorie ). This also explains the often very occurrence in patches of wild garlic. In Maple and ash woods and hardwood floodplain forests and running water is used as the propagation medium in question. Wild garlic is a lot of seeds, a square meter of wild garlic stock can form 9000 seeds per year.
He is a Kaltkeimer, the seeds must therefore have lived through a period of frost before they germinate. Despite its long germination period of two years, wild garlic grew quickly over his onions and forms so within a few years large clumps. When growing in the garden of the stock must therefore be curbed occasionally.
Food relations
Among the animals that share the wild garlic as food, even Cheilosia fasciata ( Family: hover flies ) is ( Schiner & Egger, 1853) to call. The larvae nate in the leaves of wild garlic.
Diseases
Wild garlic is of the rust fungus Melampsora allii - fragilis, Melampsora allii - populina, Melampsora salicis - albae and Puccinia sessilis sessilis var with spermogonia and Aecidias and Puccinia allii infested with uredia and Telien.
System
The species name Allium ursinum was first published in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. Synonyms for Allium ursinum L. are: Aglitheis ursina (L.) Raf, Cepa ursina (L.) Bernh, Geboscon ursinum (L.) Raf, Hylogeton ursinum (L.) Salisb, Ophioscorodon ursinum (L.). .. . Wallr ..
The specific epithet comes from the Latin adjective ursinus, Bear, Bear - back and has been used in vorlinnéischer time for the wild garlic. Pliny the Elder described the wild garlic Allium ursinum even as Johann ileocecal allium ursinum as bifolium vernum sylvaticum. Where did the name relationship comes to bear, is unknown.
In addition to the nominate Allium ursinum subsp. ursinum with rough flower stems can be found in the eastern part of its range the subspecies Allium ursinum subsp. ucrainicum, which is characterized by smooth pedicels.
Trivial names
More in part only regional common names for the wild garlic are or were: Bärenknuflak (Göttingen), Germsel, Hollauch ( Middle High German ), Hollouch ( Middle High German ), large garlic ( Middle High German ), Krems (Aargau), Paules ( Middle High German ), Rämsche ( low German ), Rämsen (Göttingen), Rämtern ( Entlebuch, Bern ), Rame ( Old High German ), Rames - adra ( Old High German ), Rames - ore ( Old High German ), ramps, Rampsen, bulks (Göttingen), Ramsen (Allgäu ), Rambs ( Silesia), Ramisch (Silesia ), Ramsel (Silesia, Thuringia ), Ramser (Silesia, Bern, middle High German ), Ramseren, Ransericht (Silesia ), Räpschala (St. Gallen Sargans ) Ränze (Aargau), Räzschala (St. Gallen ), Remese ( middle High German ), Remsa (St. Gallen, upper Rhine ), Remschala (St. Gallen Sargans ), Remsen (Göttingen) and Gypsy garlic (St. Gallen at Will hill).
Use
Wild Garlic in the kitchen
The wild garlic is a well-known vegetable, spice and medicinal plant. The plant is indeed completely edible, the leaves are used but mainly often with the stems, fresh as a condiment for dipping sauces, herb butter and pesto, or more generally as a vegetable in the spring kitchen. Produced by lactic acid fermentation, wild garlic Gimchi can remain stable for many months.
On heating the sulfur-containing substances are changed, whereby the wild garlic loses much of its distinctive flavor. Therefore, wild garlic is usually mixed cut raw and small among salads or other dishes. In the spring of wild garlic can also replace the chives or onion herb.
Confusion with poisonous plants
Wild garlic is always confused when collecting lily of the valley, the sprouting in spring leaves of autumn crocus or the most unspotted leaves of younger plants of spotted arum. These three plants are poisonous, and it always comes back to sometimes fatal poisoning.
Medical Terms
In the Middle Ages wild garlic was called Herba Salutaris and used as medicinal and food plant. He disastrous defensive properties were attributed.
In folk medicine, the wild garlic is now used for gastrointestinal disorders, due to its antibacterial effect against Gärungsdyspepsien and as a carminative. Other areas of application are as antihypertensive and Antiarteriosklerotikum.
Also in naturopathy is wild garlic as a remedy often used. The healing effect is due to the many contained in it, mainly sulfur -like essential oils, which have a positive effect on the digestive, respiratory, liver, gall bladder, intestines and stomach. Furthermore, there is an effective therapeutic effect on atherosclerosis, hypertension and intestinal diseases. In addition, he acts stimulating metabolism and has a positive effect on cholesterol levels and also helps in worm infestation.
Legal situation ( Germany )
Although wild garlic is not protected, but this is basically collecting permitted within nature reserves and natural monuments, if the appropriate protection regulation permits. Pursuant to Section § 39 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act of wild garlic also enjoys outside protected areas a minimum of protection which prohibits, " without reasonable cause to remove wild plants of their location or use, or knock down their holdings or to devastate any other way " and their " habitats to impair or destroy ". The plants may be collected only for their own use; commercial exploitation of wild garlic stocks, however, must be approved by the authorities.