Android (robot)
Android, also Android, (from the Greek ἀνήρ recognized " man ", " man " and εἶδος eidos "appearance ", " shape " → " human-like " ) is the name for a robot who sees a man deceptively similar and behaves humanoid. An android is thus a special humanoid robot. A humanoid robot in the form of a woman (Greek: γυνή gyne "woman" ) occasionally Gynoid (s) mentioned.
History
The term android was already used in 1740 by Eberhard David Hauber. According Hauber Gabriel Naude has used the term for a speaking statue of Albertus Magnus. In the 19th century, Jacques de Vaucanson's automata as flute player or the Turk were called androids. Pierre Jaquet -Droz had also 1770-1774 three androids constructed, the Jaquet -Droz automata. Research has been done at this time also speaking machines, such as Friedrich von Knauss, Valentin Merbitz and Wolfgang von Kempelen. However, the design of an automatic voice failed. When the Turk was exposed as a forgery, made according to the interest in human-like machines.
In the literature, human-like robot in the early 19th century, with Jean Paul ( The machine man) and ETA Hoffmann ( The Sandman, The Automatic ) deals. From Julius Stettenheim 1895 ( Muckenich 's speeches and deeds ) was also the term used Android.
Since the 20th century androids are regularly described in science fiction literature and futurology. At the beginning of the 21st century were again real androids, as the Repliee Q1 (2003 ) developed
Conceptual delimitation
An android is different from a humanoid robot mainly by human-like physique and human facial features. Ideally, the android made from material that is similar to human tissue, the skin included a corresponding envelope.
A more abstract distinction between androids and other humanoid robots is done by the viewing of the Uncanny Valley phenomenon. The acceptance is measured, which brings to a human observer robots that are a people more or less similar. If a ( humanoid ) robot can clearly be seen as such, and he has human characteristics, this is perceived as pleasant and positive. If people similarity but continues to increase, then the observer, the alleged deficiencies begins ( in the movement ability in the language, etc.) to assess for actual human scale and the acceptance decreases ( the Uncanny Valley). Only with rapidly increasing human similarity and growing perfection the acceptance rises again. In this region of high human similarity is called android.
Android robot research
- Repliee Q1, Osaka University
Androids in science fiction
Androids are popular elements of science fiction not only because of their dramaturgical potential. Their simple presentation by human actors they made in the past to attractive characters for film and television.
It can generally be doing a development in the representation of artificial humans. While in the 1950s and 1960s, especially androids were purely logical thinking, completely emotionless and so menacing creatures, they were shown more humanized in the following decades. Although they are still frequently acted as antagonists, they were increasingly emotional enemies could feel the love and hate, affection and contempt.
Especially consistently shows this development in the Star Trek series. While in the original series Star Trek ( TOS, 1966-1969 ) androids and artificial intelligences were consistently portrayed as callous threat came in Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG, 1987-1994 ) with data an Android as a crew member and popular figure on the in some episodes, and in the Star Trek movies even has ( by an " emotion chip " ) about emotions. When the holographic doctor from Star Trek: Voyager ( VOY, 1995-2001) conceives, despite its not permanent physical body as androids, he completes this development of androids towards the human. The Android is not only - as already Data - legally and socially equated with the humanoid crew members, but also in character has a completely human personality with all the accompaniments such as anger or vanity.
Examples in film and television
* In the remake of 2004 women, however, are cyborgs
Terms of Use
In Germany the portrayal of violence against " human-like beings " since April 1, 2004 equal to that provided to people in accordance with § 131 of the Criminal Code ( StGB). This is also the portrayal of violence against Android, which fall under this definition, an offense, unless they depict "cruel or otherwise inhuman acts of violence " against this " in a way that a glorification or trivialization of such violence expresses or of the cruel or inhuman the operation in a manner violating human dignity is. "