Anemone sylvestris

Large Anemone (Anemone sylvestris)

The Great Anemone (Anemone sylvestris ) is a species of the genus Anemone (Anemone ) from the family of the buttercup family ( Ranunculaceae ). It occurs in a rather bright and dry locations. This formerly common plant species in some areas have become rare in recent decades; it is endangered in some countries and therefore protected. The Great anemone is named because of its occurrence also grove anemone, windflower woodland or forest steppe anemones. In addition, or were the names Hackel herb Windröslein and Wolf root in use.

  • 7.1 Notes and references

Description

The Great anemone grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches a height of 15 to 40, rarely up to 50 centimeters. For a typical hemicryptophytes, the Überdauerungsknospen located on the herbaceous stem axis and lie close to the earth's surface. They are protected by the mulch or dead leaves. Überdauerungsorgan serves as a storage and a branched, short rhizome with a diameter of 10 to 15 mm. The basal leaves are rather coarse, deeply palmately incised three-to five-piece and sessile. They unfold complete only after the flowering period.

The flowering period extends from April to June. The protruding hairy, erect, 15-35 cm tall inflorescence stem usually bears only one terminal flower, in rare cases, two flowers. Below the flowers are three whorls arranged bracts. With a width of up to 10 cm, they have a rounded Spreitenform. The leaf blade is three to five times shared with two to three column sections. The hermaphrodite flower is radial symmetry with a diameter of 4 to 7 cm and has a simple perianth. The usually five, rarely six bracts are designed by white color and broad - ovate. The bloom with dense hair silky on the outside thereof. The numerous short stamens are yellow. They line a plurality of small, fluffy hairy carpels. These end with a short pencil and sitting on the peg-shaped flower axis. In their totality they form a non -grown ( chorikarpes ) gynoecium. Unlike most other members of the family Ranunculaceae smell the flowers of the Great Windröschens. As fruits three millimeters long nutlet with tight wollfilziger hair and short beak are formed.

Ecology

The Great Anemone is a perennial, deciduous Hemikryptophyt and a root - buds Geophyt.

The fragrant flowers are flowers biologically " pollen - disk flowers ". Perform no nectar, but keep an abundant pollen supply for potential pollinators ready. Pollinators are insects, such as bees, flies and beetles. Spontaneous self-pollination occurs frequently. The flowering period extends from April to June.

The fertilized tiny carpels develop into 3 mm long nutlets, which are surrounded on all sides by a loose fur felt. At the same time the flower axis grows to a 4 cm long inflorescence axis. The ripe fruits are spread as Schirmchenflieger about the wind. As water Hafter they can attach themselves even when wet to the skin of animals and are so spread out.

Vegetative propagation occurs through the formation of homorhiz rooted shoots from only a few centimeters deep roots. The plant is therefore a Wurzelkriecher.

For the caterpillars of the dark brown clematis tensioner make the leaves of the Great Windröschens an important food source represents the plant is poisonous.

The Great Anemone is infected by the rust fungus Puccinia Pulsatillae.

Occurrence

Dissemination

The wide distribution area of the Great anemone stretches from Europe to Russia to Mongolia and China. Specifically, the following distribution was found: In the temperate Asia occurrences are known in the Caucasus from the Russian Federation in Ciscaucasia and Dagestan. From the western and eastern part of Siberia stocks are also in use, as well as from the Russian Far East. The species is occupied in Mongolia. In China stocks in the northern provinces of Hebei, western Heilongjiang, western Jilin, western Liaoning, Nei Mongol and northern Xizang were found. In Northern Europe stocks of the Great Windröschens of Southeast Sweden are occupied. Central European deposits were found in Austria, northern Switzerland, the former Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland and Hungary. From Eastern Europe growth places in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, the European part of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Ukraine were confirmed. In Southeastern Europe, stocks in Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia, northwestern Italy and Romania are occupied. In southwestern Europe the species is represented in France

Location

In China Anemone sylvestris grows on forest edges, grassy and sandy slopes at altitudes 1300-3400 meters.

These heat- loving species is found mainly in the low mountain ranges of Central and Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. You're lacking in the Alps, the northern and western German lowlands, as well as in the British Isles and parts of the Mediterranean. The Great Anemone thrives in Europe in the colline to sub level up to an altitude of 1600 meters.

The Great anemone grows in Europe in sparse scrub and pine forests, especially in winter heath pine forests and pine - steppe forests, dry grasslands and heaths. Oak forest clearings, forest edges, slopes and narrow paths among the happy populated locations. The Great Anemone needed his stature places calcareous, loose soil, preferably, unlike the wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), rather dry, dark locations.

Plant sociology

The Great anemone is considered Kennart of Wildanemonensaums ( Geranio - Anemonetum sylvestris), an association that the association Xerophilous fringe communities ( Geranion sanguinei ) is assigned. Together with mountain - hair strand ( Peucedanum oreoselinum ) and Gray Pincushion Flower ( Scabiosa canescens ) makes it on a more solid flooring, such as loess or Pararendzinen a company whose locations are often influenced by human. This widespread Saumtyp extends to the north down to the Weser Uplands, isolated occurrences were detected on Öland and Gotland. As a wood - contact societies were heat -loving shrubs, forest pine rich downy oak forests, found subcontinental pine forests and thermophilous beech forests.

Endangering

The intensification of agriculture with land consolidation, increased nutrient input and expansion of roads destroyed many locations and has contributed to a huge decline in the populations so that the large anemone is considered endangered throughout Germany. The competitive pressure of non-native species which have colonized the sites of the Great Windröschens, it is often not grown, which further exacerbated the stock situation.

System

The first publication of Anemone sylvestris was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, 540, there written " silvestris ". A homonym is Anemone sylvestris Vill. in Histoire des Plantes de Dauphiné, 3, 1789, p 726

Use

The Great Anemone is in culture since the 16th century. It is with some varieties used as an ornamental in parks and gardens. The locations sunny to semi- shady loci are recommended.

Swell

  • Wang Wencai; Svetlana N. Ziman & Bryan E. Dutton: Anemone in the Flora of China, Volume 6, 2001, pp. 317 Anemone sylvestris - Online. (Section Description and dissemination )
  • Large anemones. In: FloraWeb.de. (Section description and distribution map for Germany )
  • Stinglwagner, Haseder, Erlbeck: The Cosmos forest and forest lexicon, Kosmos Verlag, ISBN 978-3-440-10375-3
  • R. Duell / H. Kutzelnigg: Pocket Dictionary of Plants in Germany. 7th edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1
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