Artistic gymnastics

Gymnastics (also gymnastics or gymnastics ) is an Olympic individual sport. The aim is to perform gymnastic equipment exercises according to predefined criteria ( art and entertainment ) and in compounds. By Gymnastics mainly coordinative and conditional skills are developed, but also courage, will qualities ( ambition, etc.) and self-control.

• 4.1 Competition Formats 4.1.1 freestyle
• 4.1.2 mandatory

Term Royal

Gymnastics is derived originally from the word " tournament", which was the term for athletic competition since the Middle Ages.

• Gymnastics means: Versatile moving within the meaning of the variety of exercises. It includes a wide range of motion and forms of play, and exercise, and partly also dance. Often it comes to equating gymnastics and recreational sports. For the German Gymnastics Federation Gymnastics is available as a generic term for it represents sports and exercise activities.
• Gymnastics is the norm led moving on gymnastic equipment, for its execution, there are technical and evaluation criteria. The Gymnastics is a sport characterized by the use of large equipment: horizontal bar, parallel bars, pommel horse, rings gymnastics, floor, uneven bars, balance beam and the leap equipment ( Bock, box, horse, vaulting table ). A distinction is made between the broad sports-oriented Artistic Gymnastics, in which the competition plays no role or only a minor role, and the performance sport-oriented Gymnastics, which has been referred to until recently by the German Gymnastics Federation as gymnastics ( engl. "artistic gymnastics" ).

Structural systematics

The exercises of gymnastics equipment were ordered from science systematic reasons on the basis of their essential characteristics and grouped (groups) structural point into classes. This systematization is also the scientific basis of the terminology. The technical relationship between movement summarized in structure Exercises groups has consequences for their way of teaching. The exercises can be from the perspective of the relationship of the effect of internal and external forces divided into three types:

• Swing exercises
• Static exercises
• Exercises with relatively slow movement of the body ( lifting and lowering )

Exist relations and mutual transitions between the above types of gymnastics.

Swing exercises

• Assembly, modification and downswing movements
• Tilting
• Felgbewegungen
• Stemmbewegungen
• Rolling movements
• Rollover movements
• Leg swing movements
• Jumping movements

Static exercises (hold)

• Seats
• Couch

Exercises with slow displacement of the body ( raise / lower)

• Lifting / lowering without rotation of the body
• With reverse rotation of the body
• With forward rotation of the body
• With lateral rotation of the body

The order relations between the structural groups of the swing exercises

Most exercises of gymnastics equipment gymnastics are flourishing, with the techniques (gymnastics ) often from the coupling of features from different structural groups found. Of these, the rules for the formation of the exercise names ( terminology) are derived.

The figure illustrates the order relations between the structural groups of the swing exercises (after Rieling, Leirich & Hess, R. ).

Gymnastics in Germany

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852) is considered the creator of the early gymnastic movement in Prussia and her ideas, which he later the reputation of "Turn Father" earned. The first public gymnasium in Berlin Hasenheide (1811 ) was his work. His commitment to the development of gymnastics was also the realization of his upbringing and education intentions: " The art of gymnastics to the lost uniformity of the human form to restore ... ". The demonstrated by Jahn and his Vorturnern on the turn space in the Hasenheide notions of the " German Gymnastics Art " have remained in force during turning operation to this day, as many names of Jahn 's gymnastics language. In the following years many gymnastic clubs, and finally the German Gymnastics Federation was founded. From the Artistic Gymnastics Gymnastics finally the developed world as a sport.

The Gymnastics is the base of many sport clubs in the German Gymnastics Federation (DTB ) (also see: gymnastics).

In power and high-performance sports there are team competitions, individual all fights and competitions from each device. At the Olympic Games and at the World and European championships in 14 disciplines titles and medals will be awarded.

Was Gymnastics until the 1970s, mainly through static force and holding parts and historical exercises marked, so it is today a very dynamic sport with many acrobatic elements, twists, flips and jumps.

Forms of competition

Freestyle

In German and National Association Championships, in the Federal and Regional ( German Gymnastics League ) and partly in the highest leagues of the national associations voluntary routines by the new governing Since 2013 Code of Points ( CdP ) are gymnastics. These exercises are compiled by the gymnasts based on the requirements of the Code of Points. The output value of the exercise is composed of D- and E -Note (formerly A- and B-Note ), the D -Note the difficulty ( difficulty ) rated the exercise and the I-note execution ( execution ). Additionally exists as a successor to the defunct end of 2006 B-stage system, the Freestyle Modified ( KM). This is from January 1, 2008 divided into four levels of difficulty from I to IV and mainly differs from CdP that depending on the difficulty level less elements easier exercise outlets and so-called National elements ( NE), which are not included in the Code of Points, are gymnastics allowed. In the easiest level KM IV even less element groups must be met. This exercise forms are found among others in the Germany Cup and the Senior Championships application.

Duty

In addition to the free program since January 1, 2007 at the DTB exists a new chore system, the so-called P- exercises. In this case, the Turner must exhibit a predetermined sequence of elements. The P- exercises replace the previous A- ab exercises ( grassroots ) and AK- exercises ( performance athletic junior ) and on 1 January 2008 entered into force in its final form. The P- exercises are divided into an A variant for the popular sport and a B variant for the performance sport -oriented offspring. In the P- exercises variant A exercises the difficulty levels P1 offered to P9 on all devices (except rings no P1 and P2), thereby the output value of A and B-Note is composed ( number of exercise plus 10 points, P7a = 17 points). The gymnasts are allowed on the ground but their music freely choose to exercise appropriately. The A versions gymnastics among other gymnastics festivals. In variant B exercises the difficulty levels P1 -P11 exist (except jump men just to P10 ) with compulsory music for the gymnasts on the floor. These exercises are done gymnastics by year dependent. This is to ensure that the performance sport -oriented junior -defined and achieved age-appropriate performance targets.

In the event area, male, following six devices are common ( in Olympic order):

• Ground
• Pommel horse
• Rings
• Jump ( jump over the table, horse box or goat )
• Bars
• Horizontal bar

In the event area, female, following four devices are common ( in Olympic order):

• Jump
• Uneven
• Balance Beam
• Ground

In addition, in the youth and senior level following equipment can be used:

• Mini trampoline
• Fungus
• Gymnastic Rings
• Bank

Device Heptathlon there were at least since the 1930s, as a trophy for Turner in the Thuringian Apolda shows.

Gymnastics in Switzerland

In Switzerland, a distinction ( grassroots ) gymnastics ( competitive sports ) and gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics is gymnastics in the above equipment (as in Germany ). In gymnastics, however, ground, swinging rings, mini trampoline, parallel and horizontal bars are gymnastics. In gymnastics, as well as in gymnastics, there is a difference of geturnten devices between women and men: While in the gymnastics men with five devices, which are listed above, a competition contest the women gymnastics at only four devices, stretching, swinging rings, floor and vault (mini trampoline ). The floor exercises in gymnastics (unlike for floor exercises in gymnastics ) gymnastics on an approximately 2.5 m wide and 17 m long ground track. The difficulty of the geturnten elements are deeper, however, great emphasis is placed on execution and the correct attitude. Gymnastics in Switzerland is more widespread than the gymnastics.

Unlike in gymnastics are in gymnastics no A- value, but the deductions are deducted directly from the output score 10:00. The difficulty is thus not decisive for the final score. However, the minimum requirements are set per category, which have to be fulfilled.

In addition, there are in Switzerland or the club equipment or section gymnastics. Here is an exercise gymnastics synchronously combined with music in a group. The Program compilation ( choreography ), the synchronicity and the individual execution are evaluated. Basically, all devices are allowed, but stretching and pommel horse demonstrations are very rare. Much more popular are the device combinations where, for example, soil and mini trampoline can be combined.

Belonging to the Swiss Gymnastics Federation (STF ), which both art and gymnastics, and rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline gymnastics, athletics and general sports -oriented youth gymnastics, is the largest sports association in Switzerland.

Internationally

International Gymnastics is the same as General Gymnastics, Trampoline Gymnastics, Rhythmic Gymnastics, Sports Aerobics and sports acrobatics by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique ( FIG, International Gymnastics Federation ) and the Union Européenne de Gymnastique ( UEG European Gymnastics Union) represented.

Criticism

Art and Gymnastics, was in competitive sport area, long time in Germany a publicly controversial sport because talents are often promoted from kindergarten age of their caregivers every day with heavy training; entry into the high-performance sports takes place may be much too early, so that physical and mental development of damage can be the result. As with any other competitive sport that begins in early childhood, it is criticized that children are not in a position at a young age, to examine the pros and cons of competitive sports on their own responsibility, where appropriate, to move not only in the rat race of elite sport.

World and European Championships

• World Gymnastics Championships ( Gymnastics )
• Gymnastics European Championships ( Gymnastics )

Successful device Turner

• List of World Gymnastics Champions ( Gymnastics )
• List of Olympic gold medalist in gymnastics