Auxiliary verb

As an auxiliary verb (including auxiliary verb ) is called in linguistics certain verbs whose function is to some in combination with a verb to express grammatical features, eg Tense or mode, while the semantics of the predicate alone emanates from the main verb. In German, auxiliary and main verb to join a multi-part predicate. This grammatical function, which is expressed by auxiliary verbs, the same function can be expressed also the inflectional verb endings, such as the marking of tense of the verb. In the case of inflection endings through one speaks of a synthetic sentence structure, upon modification by auxiliary verbs from an analytic or periphrastic construction.

Auxiliary verbs in German

In German, the verbs have, be and be the formation of the perfect, pluperfect and future forms ( future) as well as commonly used in the construction of the passive voice. The combination of several auxiliary verbs is possible.

Widely used is also the analytical counterfactual or subjunctive II formation would with: " if he would come " instead of " if he came ". It has become over the years with many irregular verbs conjugated to the standard form for the subjunctive, the form he would wash is now far more common than he would wash. Since many verbs Simple past and subjunctive are identical in some people ( they took him for a Frenchman ), the definition is also here for the subjunctive to distinguish with an auxiliary verb ( they would keep him for a Frenchman ) were used.

Syntactically, the connection is realized by auxiliary verb to the case of the perfect and the passive formation by a participial, the future tense and subjunctive formation by a infinitive construction.

From present tense verb forms are finite it the following enchants formed:

Other words in auxiliary function

Also "do" the verb can in German - but only colloquially or dialects, such as the Bavarian, - assume the role of an auxiliary verb, for example in "? Are you doing still smoke," The semantic function in this use is usually the expressions of the aspect of persistence, which in other languages ​​- for example Slavic - analytically happens (using inflected compounds, trunk flexion or prefixation, see also aorist ). The verb "do" met colloquially in southern Germany and the function of the auxiliary verb " be " for the subjunctive: I ity have liked to stop, but I smoke just so happy.

Include the verb as an auxiliary verb is colloquially used with the Passivpartizip to express the need for a passive act: One part belongs: SWR1 ( slogan of the SWR ).

Use of auxiliary verbs as main verbs

Not every use of the verbs "to have", "will" or " be " auxiliary verbs. They may also occur as independent verbs.

"Being" is most commonly used as a copula; the subject of the sentence is "to be" with the help of the verb associated with a property ( "The book is blue", "I'm tired "). " Have " is used mostly possessive or as an assignment of a matter to the subject ("George has a car ", "I have a stomach ache "). "Will " can be a development and a state transition show ("I 'll be right pretty angry," "He is slowly finished his work "). The Passivpartizip of "will" is this normal " become ", in contrast to the form " was " is the " be " in the auxiliary verb used.

Use of " be ", " have " and "will" as modifying verbs ( modals )

In the infinitive " We have to defend our allies " will, " " as a modal verb in the sense of " need " ( in the negation also "may" ) are used. The same applies to the use of " be " in expressions like " This application has to be approved " ( " This request must be approved" ). In constructions such as " The girl will be 20 years old. " ( " The girl seems to be 20 years old. " ) Has "become" a modal meaning, because it does not express future action, but modifies the statement. Often, the modal "will" " probably " combined with the modal particle: " The boss is not yet come. He will probably be sick. "

"Will" to morphological changes of the auxiliary verb "to be" and

"To be" in the past tense of the auxiliary verbs and "will" are from the first half of the 15th century to observe two different changes in the inflectional system: first, the so-called e - epithesis that occurs simultaneously with the strong verbs, and second, the transformation the singular root form along the lines of the plural. Both processes have been systematically collected; make it yourself lawfully in accordance with the law Piotrowski.

"Will," "to be" The transformation of the singular along the lines of the plural and in

In the case of the auxiliary verb " be " is to be observed that the shape of the singular, the original which was, in the course of time was replaced by the mold; the -final -s is thus replaced by - r, where a model obviously the plural form of the verb were served, which had been previously the Stammauslaut in-r. This process drags on the phase 1430-39 ( first observation was of ) until the time of 1680-89 ( last observation of what).

When an auxiliary verb is an analogous process takes place: the stem vowel in the singular -a- ( was ) is gradually replaced by the stem vowel -u- ( was ). This process continues for the period 1430-59 a (first observations of the new form) and runs to the present day back. Today was occasionally used, but to suggest, with little frequency and special stylistic effect, eg to irony. This language change is in order but not yet completed. The same process can be observed under favorable conditions even when a single person.

This process of transformation of the singular along the lines of the plural deserves special attention, as intended here, the more frequent after the rarer plural the singular; generally it is expected that in such processes the rarer form oriented to the more common and not vice versa.

"To be" The e- epithesis in the past tense of the auxiliary verbs and "will"

The e- epithesis takes place according to the observations of Imsiepen in the strong verbs from about the middle of the 15th century to around the end of the 18th century; they reached in the 1680s, culminating with around 50 % of all occurrences of the singular and then disappears. Only strong verbs whose stem ends in -h, show a little longer the epithetic -e ( examples: fleas, saw instead fled and saw). "Will" The auxiliary verb makes an exception: While it uses about the same time; unlike the strong verbs the e - epithesis but does not disappear, but it sets us apart and is now next to the relatively rare uses of was in all occurrences of the verb with umgestaltetem singular ( was ) used alone.

The auxiliary verb be, however, behaves like the strong verbs: first forms with e- epithesis ( wase, ware ) are observed around the middle of the 15th century; they reach a climax in 1700 with a share of almost 15 % of all occurrences of the singular forms and disappear until the end of the 18th century.

The e- epithesis is very revealing, they documented yet clear that penetrated one and the same language change process in different words of the same class, in this case, the verbs in very different ways and to different degrees.

Auxiliary verbs in other languages

The equivalent of have and be also be used in many other Indo-European languages, for example in French ( avoir 'have' être "to be" ). In some cases only one of the verbs is used; in Bulgarian, for example, "to be" exclusively съм the formation of perfect and pluperfect used during имам " have " is not used here as an auxiliary verb. Conversely, some languages ​​also use other verbs as auxiliary verbs, for example in Bulgarian щe / щях (actually "want" ) to form the Futurformen.

In Italian, can in the passive form, the verb andare (to go) and venire ( to come ) instead of the normally used essere (to be) are used, where andare a necessity puts it: Questo libro va letto (about: This book belongs to read).

In English, auxiliary and modal verbs, the term auxiliary verbs together, the " modals ", however, form a special group with special syntactic properties. Examples are next to be ( to be) and have ( have ) also wants to ( get eigtl, for the formation of the passive voice ) (for the formation of the future tense ) and get.