Basmachi movement
Basmachi was determined from the Turkic root bosmoq ( "suppress" ) and formed the suffix for habitual actions chi. Actually it means robbers. The Basmachi - also called Basmachis - were Central Asian insurgents who rose up in 1916 against the general mobilization during the First World War in Turkestan.
History
The general mobilization of 1916 was, according to kathrinischen reforms in the 18th century, the first break with the Edict of Toleration and the associated non-interference policy of Russian colonial official in local issues.
The tsarist troops went with extreme force against the resistance and choked the rebellion in the bud. Many Turkmen, Uzbeks and Kyrgyz fled so on the Persian, Afghan or Chinese border.
Since the riots of 1916 and the first appearance of an organized via local resistance against the colonial administration the word Basmachi came into wider use. In fact, however, the Central Asian rebels were mainly partisan. Equestrian they raided colonial administrative buildings, railway stations or supply depot of the army.
Their opponents - Communists, Russian settlers, Social Revolutionaries, the military sent from Russia - fought against them with the same partisan -like agents. Also, they were ethnically and religiously heterogeneous, however, were not fighting with the goal of regional and political independence, but a composite with Soviet Russia.
By 1920, withdrew from large areas of Central Asia, the Soviet rule, although there operated powerful fighting units of the Red Army. Centers of resistance were the areas around Ferghana, Khiva and Bukhara. There Enver Pasha attempted to win the Basmachi movement for the pan-Turkish ideas and to build with their help a new caliphate, based in Samarkand. Although Enver Pasha found enthusiastic supporters, he was not able to organize the resistance groups operated separately Basmachi the military. On 4 August 1922, the commanded of him Basmachi unit near Dushanbe was found and destroyed by the Red Army.
Due to the massive use of the Red Army, the armed uprising of the Basmachi turned into a gang war until the mid- 1920s. The mobile, usually mounted Basmachi units were to take on the steppes and in the mountains poorly with military and police operations. Occasionally they might escape across the borders to Afghanistan, Persia or China.
With increasing social isolation and the last Basmachi the mid-1930s have been wiped out.
The Basmatsche as a figure
The properties that have been attributed to the Basmachi were determined since the Russian colonial period and walked barely. In the literature of Soviet historians, the colonial notions of bandits and highwaymen were not only massively trivialized, but further distorted.
The Basmachi was, so to speak, etc. presented to the contemporary audience in countless books, films and newspapers as perpetrators of violence, religiously fanatical misogynists, meuchelmordende cretins. That in fact, many rebels were in agreement with the Soviets and local items have been included in the Red Army, are silent these representations.
The Turkic name Basmachi lived in the 1980s after the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan in addition to the present-day Arab name Mujahideen for Islamic- nationalist motivated resistance fighters in Central Asia again.
Known Basmachi
- Enver Pasha (1881-1922), Turkish politician and General
- Madamin Bek (1893-1920)
- Shir Muhammad Beg ( Körschermat )