Beer stein

A tankard beer mug, stein, beer mug, rapids, Henkel (Berlin), Half (Northern Germany ), Tankard (historical pottery, especially earthenware ) is a drinking vessel, which has its origins in the 16th century in the German language area. Its main feature is the form of cylindrical or conical, at most slightly bulbous body, usually with a handle, often with hinged lid, thumb rest ( thumb rest, lid lifter ) and the remote base ring. The tankard has been and is made ​​mainly of glass or earthenware, but also from silver, pewter, stoneware, earthenware, porcelain and other materials. Tankards are often provided with a relief or printed or painted with slogans, symbolic or scenic views. From them preferably beer is drunk. There are tankard that can hold up to 5 liters.

The tankard (English stone ) is considered overseas as "typically German " representation and commodity.

History

The tankard, a cylindrical drinking jug with handle, thumb lift and hinged cover is regarded as the invention of the Renaissance. Almost simultaneously in the Hanseatic towns of the north coast and in the bourgeois cultural centers of southern Germany around the middle of the 16th century he appears for the first time. There, where beer was drunk in the middle rather than at court and in Germany more than in the Latin countries, this type of mold developed and prevailed. Earthenware, stoneware and glass, he heard since the tableware, but are next to consider with different developments, including special developments in the field of arts and crafts:

Tankard in the history of arts and crafts

In addition to the materials mentioned are following to a lesser extent other, even been processed exotic materials, arts and crafts, especially porcelain (sometimes with translucent lithophanes in soil or cover), ivory, serpentine, Bernstein etc.

Silver

Among the splendor vessels created for princely Kunstkammer tankards are hardly represented a remarkable for the history of this vessel type fact. The few surviving North German lid jars of the 16th century are slim and tall. In the 17th century they are proportioned wider and stronger. In the Scandinavian countries and the Baltic States the silver tankard was estimated to the 18th century and formed with its entwined ball feet and strong Henkel approaches a special form with a high recognition value. In applied art of classicism " unantikische " pitcher form was given little respect, only with the rediscovery of German - bourgeois ideals in the Neo-Renaissance of the late 19th century, its form is occasionally used for silver or silver plated gifts of honor, such as Sports awards, selected. The historical name in England, where there is a significant tradition of silver, slightly conical shaped tankard, Tankard is.

Tin

Countless simple but decorated with engravings tankard of tin have been preserved from all eras of modern times. In the drinking vessels of the guilds, which is preferably composed of tin, although there are cylindrical drinking jugs, but they do not have the central role as Will Come grinding or cans and have not trained their craft typical special shapes.

Stoneware

The most common and diverse in the pitcher plays a role in the history of ceramics. In the late Middle Ages, the pitcher forms are still consistently bulbous. With the high speed of stoneware ( the stops are usually not taken into account because of their extremely steep tankard proportion) is the wall already straight; a reduced special form of the Rhineland is the handle cup great pint. The classic Humpe shape and proportion have in the 17th century, the dunkelglasierten pitchers Creußen with their colored reliefs and blue decorated stoneware jugs from the gray of the Westerwald on. There are other pottery centers ( Duingen ) are known early stoneware tankard.

Fayence

Faience manufactories were founded in Germany since the second half of the 17th century, but begins only after an appreciable production of rolled pitchers (like the tankard made ​​of faience in the jargon are called preferred). Northern Germany supplied between the mid-18th and mid-19th century, especially Hann - Munden, but in almost all other manufacturers they stood on the delivery program. The hinged lid of tin them have been mostly been mounted only at the site of Endverkaufs.

Stoneware

In the second half of the 19th century earthenware is the predominant material for their elaborately decorated tankard. Mentioned are the reservists jars, brightly painted and printed, individually labeled memorabilia dismissed recruits to their military service and the pitchers made ​​of various ceramic materials the student fraternities with their special traditions. Leader on the world market was the company Villeroy & Boch, the jars under the brand name Mettlach, the location of their headquarters, sales.

Glass

A terminological and historical type special notice about the glass tankard. Numerous early famous examples, such as the painted with enamel colors Electors and Imperial eagle tankard are handleless vessels, which accordingly have or had also not hinged lid, but removable glass lid. From mugs ( cover ) they differ only in size and volume. Their heyday was around 1570-1670. Later glass tankard then also handle and hinged cover made ​​of silver or pewter thumb lift. Your ground or cut decoration often refers individually to the former owners. Also for the glass history applies: With the classicism of the tankard disappears as bourgeois representation piece to make at the end of the 19th century a new career both as a display object, such as a utility vessel.

Imperial eagle tankard, glass with enamel painting, beg. 17th century. Historical Museum Berlin

Tankard faience with two mirrored monograms and the motto " Rien par force, tout par amour". Bayreuth, painting by J. Ph. Dannhöffer (?), 1739, Museum of Decorative Arts Berlin

Tankard of a carpenter, faience Schrezheim, around 1800. Landesmuseum Württemberg

Tankard with the inscription " Workers of all countries, unite ", earthenware (?), Around 1880, Landesmuseum Württemberg Stuttgart

Reservistenkrug with farewell scene, Bayreuth, 1897: ( Behüt ' you God / It would have been so nice )

Lithophanie in Reservistenkrug of 1897

Giant tankard, circa 1900

Collector jugs

Modern, made ​​for a collector market pitchers wear va in the Bavarian region motifs often to local attractions such as the Koenigssee, Neuschwanstein Castle or the Munich city hall. A long-standing tradition collector also has the 1 -liter beer stein for Oktoberfest, which the current poster design shows each year.

Capacity measures

• In Bavaria ( both Old Bavaria and Franconia ) is a Seidel or a half a beer quantity of exactly 0.5 l, formerly 0.535 l It can also refer to a bottle of appropriate content. - The " Seidel " ( in dialect reshaping " Seidla " ) with half-liter volume is in the region of Franconia, the common unit of beer Ausschanks, in Bavaria, however, the measure (on Bavarian the "Mass " with a short a on Schwäbisch and in Austria the "measure " with a long a) with 1 liter capacity, you ausschenkt in beer gardens and at the Oktoberfest mainly in glass jars, partially also in clay jars (see also: pint ). To prevent fraud Schank, glass jugs to large scale events but now mainly used as the guest can recheck the fill using the calibration stroke size itself here.
• In Austria, a Seidel was about one-third liter ( 0.354 liters) and is the eastern Austrian language use continues to be widespread ( 0.3 l). In general, a Seidel beer is meant, it may also refer to wines (albeit rarely used in this context ). The pints of beer is the Krügerl or the "Half ".
• In Luxembourg, a " tankard " the unit of measurement for a standard beer glass shape with 0.5 liter capacity.