Bit (horse)

A bridle is part of the bridle for horses. She is a dental piece with rings on each side for Einschnallen the reins.

Colloquially the entire header of a Trensenzäumung is called a bridle in Germany often.

History

As the oldest snaffle gag ( Psalien ) were pierced antlers, the so-called gag discussed the type Sabatinovka of Sredni Stog, Gumelnita and Cucuteni - Tripolje culture and the Ostorfer tips of the late Funnel Beaker culture, which are dated to the Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age. Their use as snaffle gag is controversial. The word gag is in " history " used as a synonym for teeth.

As a possible early Psalien are also still objects from the Copper Age Botai Culture of Kazakhstan (about 3500-3000 BC) to mention. A locality yielded about 300,000 horse bones, however, were the primary source of wild horses. However, since the hedged, Bronze Age gag development of this area begins with plate and sheet Gagging, therefore stocks no continuity.

Secure evidence of gags that belong to Bridles from organic, non -preserved material, date from the early Bronze Age (end of 3./Anfang of the 2nd millennium BC). In the different areas initially very different forms of bone or antler can be used. In the Eastern European - Central Asian region between Greece and the Carpathian Basin (albeit in a supporting role ) to Uzbekistan is plate and sheet toggle ( rueda calada ).

• The panel gag are long rectangular, curved in the longitudinal direction, with a large hole in the middle. An additional through-hole is the side. The upper end of the plate by find location is discontinued and carries several small holes.
• The disc gag are round with a major thoroughfare in the center. A variant has two holes to the side, another, more frequent, has a remote, straight or triangular side with several small holes in which pins are sometimes obtained.

Disk and the disk gag usually have spikes or nubs on the inside, are thus sharpened. The use of such plates and discs as a snaffle gag is secured by graves from the South Urals. There they were at the mouth of horses found barnacles. Further evidence give pictorial representations on Mycenaean frescoes. While the panel gag were used only briefly in this field, disc gag remained until the developed Bronze Age in use. The gag page with multiple holes was attached to the noseband, while all other facilities may have been linked ( other belt and the reins ) with the bridle, led by the great draft.

An independent province for snaffle gag finds is China. This metal plate gag were used in the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium BC. These consist, of a rectangular plate with a central hole, side strap and two hollow ribs or extra eyelets. In contrast to the Eurasian plate gags made ​​of antler or bone they are unsharpened.

In contrast, in the Carpathian Basin and in the Ancient Near East since the Early Bronze Age (end of 3./Anfang of the 2nd millennium BC)

• Rod gag antlers used. In the Carpathian Basin clashed the disc and rod gag traditions and originated isolated mixed forms. During the Bronze Age ( mid to late 2nd millennium BC), the rod gag spread further west and were in Italy, western and northern Europe, including the British Isles to the Late Bronze Age (early 1st millennium BC employed. ). During this time they replaced gradually in the East the older disks and disk guard and are detectable in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC to China. It is noticeable, that is, archaeological handed no early bridle in Western Europe, the Iberian Peninsula and in western France. The antlers gag from France are predominantly late Bronze Age, although there was probably redomestiziert in the time of the Bell Beaker culture ( 3rd millennium BC) the horse.

In developing the gag rod can be found from the beginning both bi plane (the large passage lies in a different plane than the smaller holes ) and monoplane (all holes lie in a plane ) furnished gag. These two systems existed to the Late Bronze Age on, but it also created other variations. Even from the Early and Middle Bronze Age we know rod gag with two middle swipes, sometimes with additional pins at one end.

Effect

The bridle acts in contrast to curb Bitten only to the horse's mouth. It creates - depending on the strength of the applied train - pressure on the tongue, palate and jaw of the horse. The thickness of the dentition is a decisive factor for its sharpness. The thinner the bit, the sharper it affects the horse's mouth, as it appeals to the bodies of the snout selectively. The converse, that a thicker bite always seems softer applies only limited because too thick teeth can interfere with the horse, even if it takes up too much space in the mouth. The thickness of the denture must be adapted to the horse's mouth, so that the horse can chew carefree with the bit in the mouth.

Materials

Metal dentures can be either hollow or solid. A massive dentition is quiet in the mouth and can not be bitten through. One advantage of hollow dentures is their rapid warming in the mouth in cold weather. Dentures can also be preheated, for example with warm water.

• Stainless steel: Stainless steel bits are popular and also easy to groom because of their smoothness and durability.
• Iron: Promotes the flow of saliva by the taste of metal.
• Copper: Copper itself is too soft as denture material, but is readily accepted by horses because of its good taste. Therefore, it is widely used in dentures, either embedded in or used as the basis for alloys.
• Argentan: Argentan is a commercial alloy, also known as " German silver " or " German silver", and is made of copper, nickel and zinc. They usually contain 47-65 % copper, 12-25 % nickel and zinc. Argentan contains a relatively high proportion of nickel, which is known to cause allergies.
• Aurigan: Aurigan is a patented brass alloy. It contains a high proportion ( about 85% ) of pure copper and not nickel. In general, copper is always used in conjunction with nickel, since it requires a special Reinungsverfahren to free copper of nickel. The copper content in dentures should promote chewing. By the oxidation behavior of copper produces a sweet taste ( " sweet iron " ), which the horses gladly accept and therefore also better chew it. Copper is very soft, so normally the wear is quite high. For this reason, the alloy of silicon was added.

• Leather: If well maintained, it is readily accepted by some horses. With poor care, it is hard and rough. Foam rubber teeth
• Nathe: Nathe is a plastic, which is commonly used for dentures. He also slides dry very well in the horse's mouth and is usually gladly accepted. Nathe is very soft, not durable and will quickly " chewed ". Since Nathegebisse have a wire core, you should regularly check for worn spots.
• Rubber: Good insalivated it is a soft horse -friendly material. In bad chewing horses it has the effect of a pencil eraser, which can act deadening on time so that they respond less well to the rider's aids. A rubber teeth should always have a metal core, otherwise it can be bitten through.
• Foam: These dentures with a metal core and a thick foam sheathing be used in racing.

Dentition forms

• The Snaffle, or the unbroken snaffle is quite rare today just made ​​, but usually adjusted by a slight arc or multiple bends the horse's mouth. A train on the reins exerts pressure on the respective side of the mandible, but also on the opposite side of the upper jaw. Therefore, these teeth form can be confusing, especially for young horses. A purely one-sided rein aid is not possible. For two-handed the reins to the bit can tilt in its mouth. It is particularly suitable for single handed the reins.
• The snaffle, simply broken snaffle, ( Austro Wischzaum called Western riding snaffle bit ), consists of two equal-length die parts, which are connected together by a hinge. Due to the simple design, it is one of the first documented snaffle types. For example, it was found during an excavation in the Celtic oppidum of Manching a snaffle. To protect the corners of the mouth rubber discs can be used. Where the rings pierce the mouthpiece, can form due to wearing out a burr, which can pinch the corners of the mouth. Radiographs refute the assumption that the joint of the snaffle pressed against the palate of the horse. Instead, it was found that Snaffle Bits press the tongue.
• The double jointed snaffle bit has three parts, which are movably connected with each other. The central portion is usually shorter than the two outer parts. Because of their soft effect the double jointed snaffle is often used as a training set of teeth. Horses usually happy to accept this, since it is the anatomy of the horse's mouth adapts well. There are double jointed snaffle with a rounded or olivenförmigem middle phalanx and such as the middle part of a flat plate have ( hinge snaffle, Dr. Bristol teeth ). However, a platelet-shaped middle phalanx can press at Zügelzug with the short edge on the tongue and palate. The middle part is also provided with players like ( tongue players) to encourage the horse to increased chewing activity, but they are perceived by some horses as disturbing.
• When Cheek Snaffle sitting at the ends of the teeth each piece a cross bar, which cause a quiet location in the mouth. The gag prevent lateral shifting of the teeth in the mouth and protect the corners of the mouth, similar to the Olive in the Eggbutt snaffle. In some gag snaffles the toggle are bent a little outwards, so that the upper part of the gag the horse's head do not come too close and puts pressure on the back teeth.
• In the D-ring snaffle ring is flattened aimed towards the mouth. It is like the Cheek Bit quiet in the mouth.
• In the Eggbutt snaffle the ends of the mouthpiece are olive-shaped thickened, this line is continued from the rings. The purpose of this design is to prevent is that the angle of the mouth of the horse can be jammed, or the bridle is pulled through the mouth. As the mouthpiece does not slide as in the snaffle bit rings on, the Eggbutt snaffle has a low leverage.

From the FN unauthorized bits are:

• Gag: Back piece and reins are here for a strap that passes through two eyes up and down on the bit ring. When accepting the rein the horse's mouth angles are pulled high leverage. Because of its sharp action it is very often used in polo, often with additional Schlaufzügeln or side reins.
• The spoon snaffle has a double broken snaffle bit with flat, round metal plate on the center piece of the mouthpiece. This should prevent the horse can put his tongue over the bit and largely escape in this way the action. The spoon snaffle is also called tongue Strecker snaffle.
• The Crescendotrense is a very sharp teeth, and is used in racing at excessive running joyful and difficult to control horses.
• The role snaffle comes with wheels. Copper rollers produce together with other metals tiny voltages to excite by their slight tingling sensation to the mouth activity. If the rollers are so integrated into the teeth that the surface is smooth, the snaffle is only slightly sharper form the rolls but irregularities in the surface, so the bite is very strong and can cause pain in the horse rider rough hands.
• Additional chains for dentures are often used in racehorses. On one hand, as security in case the bridle breaks, on the other hand, this chain is often used as a " chain game " for horses who are more nervous and can react with the chain in his mouth a little by playing.
• The snake bite is a leather bit. A leather strap is attached to the horse around the lower load and is connected with the reins. Depending on the force of the rider's hands, the sling is loose or is pulled tighter.
• Chain snaffle: Here is the horse, a piece of metal chain in its mouth. Especially with hard hands reins this bridle acts like knives in the horse's mouth and is therefore classified as animal tormenting.
• Double bridle: Between the two rings snaffle bits are mounted above each other, both very thin and asymmetrical broken, the one bite left, the other right. In order for the teeth is very selective and sharply on the palate, loading and tongue

Gag half- ring

Spoon snaffle

Crescendotrense

Additional chain