Book

A book is a provided with a binding and usually with book cover ( envelope) collection of printed, described, painted or blank sheets of paper or other suitable materials. According to Unesco definition are non-periodic ( for statistics) Books Publications with a circumference of 49 pages or more. The UNESCO put 1995 April 23 as World Book proof.

In addition, individual plants or large sections of text that have been completed in itself is referred to as book, especially if they are part of a band. This is especially in ancient works, which consist of collections of books that belong together, the case - Examples include the Bible and other normative religious Holy Scriptures, the Aeneid, and various ancient and medieval works of history.

Electronically stored text book called digital books (English e-book). Another modern variant of the book is the audiobook.

History

The earliest precursor of the book were the papyri of the Egyptians, which provided the oldest known copies of the 3rd millennium BC. ( See also history of writing, ancient Egyptian literature and list of papyri of ancient Egypt ).

The Greeks and Romans took over the papyrus scrolls, to which gradually replaced the Codex from the 1st century. Codex consisted of multiple layers of parchment described continuously folded on both sides in the center and secured with a suture to one another. Only later the sides were tied and fitted with a fixed envelope. The Codex is the immediate precursor of today's book.

From the 14th century the parchment was gradually replaced by the cheaper and much easier to producing paper. The first paper mill in Germany was that of the Ulman Stromer in Nuremberg in 1390. The after the invention of printing ( 1450 ) by Johannes Gutenberg printed by the year 1500 books are incunabula or weighing pressure (from the time when the printing press still in the cradle was ) called. In the printing revolution, the emissions multiplied of books in Europe.

The term derives from the name of the directory tree from beech, probably because of the incised into book blocks " letter". Even the Latin word "Codex " means " block ".

In Korea some 200 years before Johannes Gutenberg's invention was developed in Europe of printing with movable type made ​​of metal, probably as a further development of Chinese printing technology with Tonlettern, but remained little used.

The rapid spread of new technology throughout Europe and the ongoing improvement and further development of printing and the production of paper made ​​the book a commodity, which later became an essential prerequisite for the Reformation and the Enlightenment. Knowledge became common in the West.

Text and image were a unit in the book of the Middle Ages. Bauhaus artists created in the 20th century books of high artistic level, which belong to the field of printing graphics. This artist's books appear in small limited editions.

Economics of the book

As an economical product considered, the book on several features.

• The buyer of the benefits usually reveals itself only after the complete reception
• The product life cycle is unusually long
• Books that meet with no demand, have no economic value
• The total expected demand quantity must be (mostly) put into storage (now limited, however valid)

These features make the book a speculative asset with high risks for the producers (publishers ). In contrast to other media products, the book is usually refinanced only one source of revenue, the sales revenue. As an advertising medium, the book plays only a minor role.

Paper types

Distinction by content

• Non Fiction: textbook
• Textbook
• Schoolbook
• Manual
• Dictionary
• Lexicon
• Bibliography
• Color Book Black Book, White Book, Brown Book, Blue Book

• Novel
• Of poems
• Song book

• Diary
• Account book, cash book - hence accounting
• Logbook
• Laboratory notebook
• Manuscript
• Screenplay
• Artist book, book object

Distinction according to Production

• Bag Book: Medieval special form. It can be worn as a bag and attached to the belt.
• Book-on -Demand: Digital printing on demand; Book produced in a very small edition from a copy at any time, additional copies are printed.
• Paperback: the book block with various types of soft envelope, perfect bound in the rule.
• EBook ( electronic book ), electronically stored in different formats, some only on screen readable, printable part.
• Facsimile: true to the original emphasis of historical spending.
• Hardcover: Hardback, perfect bound or with sewn binding.
• Audiobook: Read Here authors or (more often ) a narrator ( sometimes several narrators in rolls ) the text of an existing book before. To some extent, also plays, so read in rolls or edited as radio play and interpreted versions under the name Audiobook sold. Audio books are sold on Audio-CDs/Musikkassetten or as computer audio files and disseminated. There are certain cases, they have podcasts usually free on the Internet.
• Code ( plural: codes ): book in the form known today ( for unfolding ). This form dissolved in the early Middle Ages from the hitherto prevailing scroll. The success of the Code is closely related to the spread of Christianity.
• Loose-leaf collection: Individual, replaceable pages in one or more folders (eg as a ring binder, this is not the colloquial use of loose-leaf collection meant that is not a book ).
• Miniature book: Very little book. Mostly in production size compressed smaller version of a large book. To distinguish it from Paperback by hardcover.
• Paperback: With soft cover and often come with adhesive binding, formerly sewn binding.
• Paperback: Small format book, mostly paperback, suitable for transport.
• Special Edition: mostly produced for bibliophiles small partial edition of a title in special equipment ( binding, paper, book decoration, illustrations )

Outline of books

• Title page, imprint
• Contents
• Foreword. Foreword. conventions
• Introduction
• Chapter
• Epilogue
• Appendix Notes. Comments. Evidence.
• Directories, register: Literature, stuff, index, persons, places, pictures. Abbreviations, sigla.
• Illustrations, picture boards. Documents.
• Trimmings
• Publisher Advertising

Outline of book pages

• Type area
• Column, columns
• Marginalia, note, footnote, endnote, annotation, commentary
• Header, running title
• Footer
• Pagina, page number

Material elements of the book

The book is now primarily a commodity. This means that the book is exposed to certain Terms of Use. This must correspond to the material. It should be durable, tear-resistant, flexible, light, aesthetic and much more. Some materials are listed here:

• Paper: Not only is the book block, so the actual text part is made of paper. Also, the whole intent is made of paper - but for different types of paper as the text part. The text part can consist of a wide variety of paper types, there are many cheap and expensive versions. The paper thus provides inter alia the price of a book. What kind of paper is selected for a book, usually decide the book designer.
• Cardboard: The cover of a book is usually made of solid cardboard that is covered with various reference materials. Even the slipcase is usually made ​​of cardboard.
• Reference material, for example with fabric, linen, paper, leather or parchment.
• Materials: For the headband or a ribbon bookmark, specific bands, usually made ​​of silk and dyed in various colors.
• Color: Not only is the book cover can be colored, but also the book section. This section ornaments are not just for decoration of the book, but also to protect from exposure to light pollution.

Components of the book

A book must be flexible, but also stable. In the book making it goes through many processes, the items are usually made ​​separately and then joined together.

The book block with its printed side is connected by the intent with the book cover. This is in each case an attachment in the upper and lower sides of the book block. These are connected through cheesecloth and glue to the spine and through the mirror with the book cover. To view the book cover, the reference material sets. Together these elements give the book cover. The " fold-down " to the outside of the cover elements are called cover in bound books, often also called hardcover, dust jacket is still around the book cover down. The three edges of the book blocks, where you can open the book to head (top), anterior and lower average call. A color- designed interface has cut embellishments. The colored bands up and down the spine is called the head band, the bookmarks - fixed the top of the spine - called ribbon bookmark.

Book design

Through the book design the entire look, the structure and the materials of the book is designed. Performed it is usually from a book designer, artist and / or typographers. In addition to writing, prelims, Pagina, paper, ribbon bookmark and headband and the cover is designed - today probably the most important task: The cover must arouse curiosity, be exciting and draw attention to themselves. The cover will invite the potential reader to buy or hire.

Miscellaneous

• The Bible is the most printed and widely distributed book in the world. There are total translations in 451 languages ​​and partial translations into other languages ​​in 2479.

• The phrase is to open a book may result because previously all the books were closed with a buckle to keep the sides smooth. To open it was necessary to strike with the flat of his hand on the book to open the buckle can.

• The smallest book in the world comes from the Leipzig publishing house Faber & Faber. With 2.4 to 2.9 millimeters, it is comparatively the size of a match head. The 32 pages are printed with letter images in offset and leather bound hand.

• In 2004, the automaker Mazda brought a book with probably the greatest format in the world out: 3.07 m × 3.42 m.

• The Internet company Google estimates that there are roughly 130 million different books in the world in August 2010, but admits that this is also a question of definition.

• Among the most valuable and most expensive books include among others, the Manesse, which in the course of the exhibition had to be insured for 50 million euros in 2006. The Gospels of Henry the Lion was auctioned on December 6, 1983 at London auction house Sotheby's for 32.5 million D-Mark. A work of John James Audubon's Birds of America, a Subskriptionsausgabe, scored the record-breaking price of more than 8.8 million dollars at a Christie's auction in 2000. A first edition of the book De revolutionibus orbium Coelestium from 1543 by Nicolaus Copernicus had 2008 during an auction at Christie's in New York City 2.2 million U.S. dollars.

• A linen book
• Sibylline Books

Terms with the prefix " library "

• Bibliographer: Someone who puts together a bibliography edited or
• Bibliography: A Resource Guide of references
• Bibliographical Institute: Founded in 1826 in Gotha Verlagsbuchhandlung (now merged with the Brockhaus )
• Bibliomania: exaggerated, manic Bibliophilie, for example in the form of an uncontrolled hoarding of Bibliomanen
• Bibliometrics: quantitative study of publications in terms of frequency characteristics and relationships; Branch of scientometrics
• Bibliophile: Books Hobby ( employment with especially beautiful, old or special books )
• Library according to certain principles ordered collections of books and other publications, as well as a library building in which they are housed (see also type of library and librarianship ).
• Librarian: a clerk in a library
• Library levy: bonus, which is emitted from libraries to collecting societies.
• Library Science: Scientific discipline of the function and organization of libraries and librarianship
• Bibliotherapy: psychotherapeutic method, in which the reading of books is to contribute to healing; also book preservative

Lists " commendable" Books

• List of works on the SWR -best list (see also SWR -best list )
• The bestseller list of the mirror
• The book of the 1000 books
• Fritz J. Raddatz (ed.): TIME library of 100 books. 11th edition. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt / Main 2002, ISBN 3-518-37145-2 ( A collection of literary works ).
• TIME library of 100 non-fiction books
• ZDF TV Series: Our Best - The favorite books of the Germans ( 2004)
• " Best Book ": A survey of the Oslo Nobel Institute of 100 well-known authors in 2002 Miguel de Cervantes: Don Quixote named as the best book.
• List of successful books by copies sold