Calculation

The activities of the logic of objects is referred to as figures as arithmetic.

Description

The generally accepted rules for calculating with numbers is denoted in mathematics as arithmetic. In common parlance is meant by computing only the easiest part area thereof or the ability to deal with the four basic arithmetic operations including fractions, percentage calculation and the rule of three. These elementary arithmetic operations safely control belongs alongside reading and writing on basic skills that children should acquire during the visit of the elementary school.

Computing is both notionally possible, what is called mental arithmetic, as well as different computing tools such as Calculator or slide rule. For the representation of numbers used characters digit or digits are called. A successful arithmetic book wrote in 1518 Adam Ries. In German usage has thus naturalized as confirmation of the calculation, the term according to Adam Riese.

Etymology

The designation by the word count, reckon Middle High German, rechenen, Old High German rechanon from West Germanic * rek -no- meaning, put in order, rows, make directed, expected ' goes on the Indo-European root word * reg, steer, direct, conduct ' back (as well as Latin riga, row ', shelving, racks, right stretch, and others) and is accountable in addition to the shorter side shape, count, do it right '; in the distant relatives are accountable, working with the rake, rake ' and rake, scrape together, earthing up ' as well as computationally, rigid, stiff ' or because dialect deer in the importance of a fork -made plow rumps ' to see.

Disorders and support measures

Recent research suggests that humans and higher animals already at the time of birth a number sense have ( Stanislas Dehaene ) or have a basic understanding of simple arithmetic operations, such as more / less, bigger / smaller, treasures, etc.

But not everyone falls the arithmetic easy. As faults are known dyscalculia and Zahlenanalphabetismus. Through studies of brain injuries or stroke patients, as well as brain tumor patients, the researchers found other forms of interference in recognizing numbers and in computing power. There are also people with a mathematical giftedness, where the arithmetic is very easy (eg Gert Mittring ).

Even within the norm, there are strong differences in terms of speed and confidence in dealing with numbers. These differences were explained by practice effects over a longer period, or by appeal to innate mathematical talent. Meanwhile, there is evidence that the approach plays a crucial role in the computing tasks.

Children and adults who present mathematical operations pictorially and connect with real experiences are more successful in math. Go safer with the tasks and need fewer repetitions until they have mastered an arithmetic operation. If, however, the level of mathematical symbols does not leave, despite a long and persistent exercise in arithmetic often remains uncertain. Both the regular mathematics lessons as well as the tutoring and remedial design is therefore effective when at work models for number of rooms and arithmetic operations are used.