Cardamine

Meadow Cress ( Cardamine pratensis)

The bitter cress ( Cardamine ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae ). The genus tooth Wurzen ( Dentaria ), which has long been managed as autonomous, now integrated as a subgenus in the genus Cardamine.

  • 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The Cardamine species are one-, two-year to perennial herbaceous plants. Aboveground plant parts can be fluffy occupied with simple trichomes ( leaf hairs ). They grow upright. Some species ( the former genus Dentaria ) have underground, fleshy leaves and occupied by low rhizomes, tubers, some species form as Überdauerungsorgene and Cardamine flagellifera stolons are available. The upright, ascending, prostrate lying to stems may be branched.

The leaves are on the rhizome, distributed in basal rosettes or mostly alternate, rarely opposite or in whorls on the stem. The leaves are three-to fünfzählig fingered in the former genus Dentaria, the partial leaves are about 3 cm long, pointed and standing in whorls. Otherwise, the leaves are pinnate with blunt, less than 3 cm long, stalked leaflets or sitting, or pinnate, or undivided. The leaves are petiolate or sessile, some are heart-shaped at the base, but not amplexicaul. The leaf margins are smooth, toothed or lobed.

Generative features

The racemose inflorescences are individually or collectively in Rispige or schirmtraubige total inflorescences together and they contain lots of flowers, but only Cardamine pattersonii has bracts. Up to fruit ripening to extend the inflorescences. The slender or stout flower stalks are Coming, sparrig or bent back in fruit ripening.

The hermaphrodite flowers are cruciform. The four most smooth sepals are usually erect or ascending. The inner sepals are easily be bagged. The four reddish, purple, pure white, yellowish white or yellow petals are usually about 1 cm long and can be nailed, rarely missing. The anthers are yellow or purple. There are usually six, rarely four, equally long stamens present. The mean nectar glands may be present or absent. There are 4 to 80 ovules per ovary present. The short or distinct style ends in a capitate stigma is slightly bilobed.

The pods are compressed, about 1 mm wide, at least 1 cm long and maturity longer than the fruit stalks. The flaps bend to maturity together spirally. The seeds are in a row, they jump to the middle of the septum before and form a single longitudinal row. You are not depressed in the septum, which is why the fruit flaps over the seeds are bumpy. The elongated, egg-shaped or spherical seeds rarely have wings and are also rare margins.

The basic chromosome numbers be n = 7, 8

Dissemination

The genus Cardamine is distributed worldwide. The Cardamine species grow mainly on moist, humus-rich soils.

System

The generic name Cardamine was first published in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus Species Plantarum, 2, pp. 654-656. 1913 was set as the lectotype the type Cardamine pratensis L.. Synonyms for Cardamine L. are: Dentaria L. (now rank of a subgenus ), Dracamine Nieuwl, Heterocarpus Phil Loxostemon Hook.. f & Thomson, Porphyrocodon Hook. f Sphaerotorrhiza ( O.E.Schulz ) Khokhrjakov.

The genus tooth Wurzen ( Dentaria ), which has long been managed as autonomous, today placed as a subgenus in the genus Cardamine. The genus Cardamine belongs to the tribe Cardamineae in the family Brassicaceae.

The genus includes (formerly about 150 species ) about 200 species.

The occurring in Central Europe species are:

  • Subgenus Toothwort ( subgenus Dentaria ) Onion Toothwort ( Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Cr. )
  • Cardamine enneaphyllos Wurz ( Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Cr. )
  • Streamers Toothwort ( Cardamine glanduligera O. Black)
  • Pinna - Toothwort ( Cardamine heptaphylla ( Vill. ) OE Schulz )
  • -Pod Toothwort ( Cardamine kitaibelii Becherer )
  • Finger Toothwort ( Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Cr. )
  • Save Toothwort ( Cardamine waldsteinii Dyer )
  • Subgenus Cardamine ( Cardamine subgenus ) Alpine smock ( Cardamine alpina Willd. )
  • Bitter Cress ( Cardamine amara L.)
  • New Zealand Cardamine ( Cardamine corymbosa Hoof f. )
  • Marsh Cress ( Cardamine dentata Schult. )
  • Forest Cuckoo Flower ( Cardamine flexuosa With. )
  • Haired Cardamine ( Cardamine hirsuta L.)
  • Spring Cress ( Cardamine impatiens L.)
  • Májovský Meadow Cress ( Cardamine majovskii Marhold & Záborský )
  • White Meadow Cress ( Cardamine matthioli Moretti )
  • Hoary Cress ( Cardamine parviflora L.)
  • Meadow Cress ( Cardamine pratensis L.)
  • Resedablättriges Cardamine ( Cardamine resedifolia L.)
  • Mountain Meadow Cress ( Cardamine " rivularis " subalpine in the Eastern Alps, not identical with Cardamine rivularis in the Carpathians )
  • Kleeblättriges Cardamine ( Cardamine trifolia L.)
  • Morass Meadow Cress ( Cardamine " udicola " ), diploid, hardly of polyploid populations of Cardamine pratensis delineated.

In Europe and in the Mediterranean following species occur:

  • Cardamine acris Griseb.
  • Cardamine alpina Willd.
  • Cardamine amara L.
  • Cardamine amporitana ( Cadevall ) Sennen & Pau
  • Cardamine apennina Lihová, Tribsch & Marhold
  • Cardamine L. asarifolia
  • Cardamine barbaraeoides Halácsy
  • Cardamine battagliae Cesca & Peruzzi
  • Cardamine L. bellidifolia
  • Cardamine bipinnata ( C.A.Mey. ) O.E.Schulz
  • Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz
  • Cardamine caldeiranum Guthnick
  • Cardamine carnosa Waldst. & Kit.
  • Cardamine castellana Lihová & Marhold
  • Cardamine L. Chelidonia
  • Cardamine corymbosa Hook. f
  • Cardamine crassifolia Pourr.
  • Cardamine dentata Schult.
  • Cardamine dubia Nicotra
  • Cardamine enneaphyllos (L.) Crantz
  • Cardamine ferrarii Burnat
  • Cardamine flexuosa With.
  • Cardamine gallaecica ( M.Laínz ) Rivas -Mart. & Izco
  • Cardamine glanduligera O.Schwarz
  • Cardamine glauca DC.
  • Cardamine graeca L.
  • Cardamine granulosa ( Arcang. ) All.
  • Cardamine heptaphylla ( Vill. ) O.E.Schulz
  • Cardamine hirsuta L.
  • Cardamine impatiens L.
  • Cardamine kitaibelii Bech.
  • Cardamine macrophylla Willd. It occurs in many parts of European Russia and Asian Russia.
  • Cardamine majovskii Marhold & Záborský
  • Cardamine maritima DC.
  • Cardamine matthioli Moretti
  • Cardamine microphylla ( Willd.) O.E.Schulz
  • Cardamine monteluccii Brilli - Catt. Gubellini &
  • Cardamine nymanii Gand.
  • Cardamine opizii J.Presl & C.Presl
  • Cardamine pancicii Hayek
  • Cardamine parviflora L.
  • Cardamine pectinata DC.
  • Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Crantz
  • Cardamine penzesii Ančev & Marhold
  • Cardamine plumierii Vill.
  • Cardamine pratensis L.
  • Cardamine quinquefolia ( M.Bieb. ) Schmalh.
  • Cardamine raphanifolia Pourr.
  • Cardamine L. resedifolia
  • Cardamine rivularis Schur
  • Cardamine schulzii Urbanska - Worytkiewicz
  • Cardamine seidlitziana Albov
  • Cardamine Silana Marhold & Perny
  • Cardamine tenera C.A.Mey.
  • Cardamine trifida ( Poir. ) B.M.G.Jones
  • Cardamine trifolia L.
  • Cardamine uliginosa M.Bieb.
  • Cardamine waldsteinii Dyer
  • Cardamine wiedemanniana Boiss.
  • Species outside of Europe and the Mediterranean region (selection): Cardamine africana L.
  • Cardamine bonariensis pers.
  • Cardamine bulbosa ( Schreb. ex Muhl. ) Britton et al. ( Syn: Cardamine rhomboidea (Pers. ) DC. )
  • Cardamine concatenata ( Michx. ) O.Schwarz ( Syn: Dentaria concatenata Michx, Dentaria laciniata Willd ex Muhl. .. )
  • Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray ( Syn: Cardamine cordifolia var lyallii ( S.Watson ) A.Nelson & JFMacbr, Cardamine lyallii S.Watson. )
  • Cardamine diphylla ( Michx. ) Alph.Wood
  • Cardamine douglassii Britton
  • Cardamine loxostemonoides O.E.Schulz
  • Cardamine lyrata Bunge
  • Cardamine macrophylla Willd. It occurs in many parts of European Russia and Asian Russia.
  • Cardamine maxima ( Nutt. ) Alph.Wood ( Syn: Dentaria maxima Nutt. )
  • Cardamine micra thera Rollins
  • Cardamine nuttallii Greene ( Syn: Cardamine nuttallii var pulcherrima (Greene) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde, Cardamine pulcherrima Greene, Cardamine pulcherrima var tenella ( Pursh ) Cronquist, Dentaria tenella Pursh )

The generic name Cardamine goes back to vorlinneische authors and is derived from a Greek word for the garden cress. The German trivial name smock is probably due to the froghoppers ( Cercopidae ) that are commonly found in some species and is surrounded to protect them with a foam.

Use

From some species the leaves are eaten. In some species, the medical effects have been investigated.

Swell

  • Ihsan A. Al - Shehbaz, Karol Marhold & Judita Lihová: Cardamine in the Flora of North America, Volume 7, 2010, p 464: Online. (Section Description and systematics)
  • Tai - Yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al- Shehbaz & Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 8, 2001, p 86: Cardamine - Online. (Section Description, systematics and use)
  • Tor Carlsen, Walter Bleeker, Herbert Hurka, Reidar Elven & Christian Broch man: Biogeography and phylogeny of Cardamine ( Brassicaceae), In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 96, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 215-236. ISSN: 00266493 doi: 10.3417/2007047
  • Siegmund Seybold (ed.): Schmeil Fitschen - interactive ( CD -Rom ), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
Perennial plant Ovary (botany) Stigma (botany) Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service Werner Greuter
163705
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