Cheka
Vecheka (Russian ВЧК ) is the abbreviation for the Extraordinary All-Russian Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Speculation and Sabotage ( Russian Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией, спекуляцией и саботажем [ Wserossijskaja tschreswytschainaja komissija po boron s kontrrewoljuziej, spekuljaziej i sabotaschem ] ), the founded after the October Revolution on December 20, 1917 State Security Soviet Russia, their tradition, the political police of the Soviet Union was founded in late 1922 called. The propagandistic term chekists derived thereof for the employees of intelligence agencies in the countries of the Eastern Bloc.
History
On December 6, 1917, the Soviet Russian government commissioned under the chairmanship of Lenin is a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee of Petrograd ( MRKP ) Felix Dzerzhinsky with the formation of a special commission to combat strikes the tsarist officials, who had already begun a few days after the October Revolution. Dserschinsky, who had gained experience in MRKP was determined after the assassination of Moissei Solomonovich Uritzky to the head of the Cheka.
The reports, set up in June 1919 by General Anton Ivanovich Denikin, the commander of the White Army in Southern Russia " commission of inquiry Bolshevik crimes " include representations to many in the Ukraine, the Kuban, the Don and the Crimea partly already in January 1918 perpetrated by the Red Guards and Cheka units atrocities and crimes.
From August 1918 the statement of Lenin, the establishment of the first prison camp - they were officially called concentration camps - in the province of Penza to house prisoners ( political opponents ). The number of detainees in camps of May 1921 was approximately 16,000 people and rose to September 1921, over 70,000.
In February 1922, the ( partisan ) Cheka was dissolved and destroyed the archives for the organization at the direction of Lenin; their duties were transferred to the newly established military government and thus GPU.
Development of the Workforce
- March 1918: 600
- June 1918: 12,000
- End of 1918: 40,000
- Early 1921: 280,000
Number of victims
Estimates of the numbers of those executed by the Cheka vary dramatically depending on the source. The lowest ( official ) figures were of Dserschinky 's deputy Martyn Latsis (only RSFSR ) specified: 1918-1920: 12,733. It is generally believed that these figures are gross underestimates the actual number of victims. Other estimates range 50000-250000 victims.
Movies
- Operatsiya Trest ( TV 1967 USSR, 4 parts, directed by Sergei Kolosov, 1968 by DEFA - synchronous operation under the title "Trust" synchronized). The television series was produced to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Cheka.
- Heroes of the Cheka ( Сотрудник ЧК / Sotrudnik ChK, literally Associate of the Cheka, the Soviet Union in 1964, directed by Boris Volchek, DEFA synchronous 1964, after the original literary work of Alexander Lukin / Dmitri Poljanowski: The Cheka intervenes, Berlin, German Military Publishing, 1961).
- Foreign among its peers, ( Swoi sredi chuzhih, tschuschoi sredi swoich, USSR in 1974, directed by Nikita Mikhalkov ).
- The Cheka ( Чекист, Le tchékiste, F / RU 1992, directed by Aleksandr Rogozhkin ).
- Enemy Whirlwind ( Vikhri vrazhdebnye / Wichri wraschdebnye, USSR in 1953, directed by. Mikhail Kalatosov With Mikheil Gelovani ( Stalin ), Mikhail Kondratyev (Lenin), Vladimir Yemelyanov ( Dzerzhinsky ), Leonid Ljubaschewski ( Swerdlow ) and Vladimir Solovyov ( Kalinin ) ).