Chumbivilcas Province

The Chumbivilcas province is located in the Andes in southern Peru in Cusco Region. The Incas called it " Chumpiwillka " (Holy Belt ). Chumbivilcas bordered to the north by the provinces and Paruro Acomayo, on the east by the provinces of Canas and Espinar, to the south by the Arequipa region and to the west by the region of Apurimac.

  • 4.1 language
  • 4.2 Religion
  • 6.1 Tourism
  • 6.2 dances
  • 6.3 Fixed
  • 6.4 Crafts
  • 6.5 Kitchen
  • 6.6 Literature
  • 6.7 Art

Geography

The Andean province is on 2550-5438 m above sea level. The average height is 3,995 m. The area is volcanic in origin and deeply incised by Amazon tributaries. The lack of bridges leads to complicated traffic conditions (distance Santo Tomás - Cusco: 240 km, about 8 to 12 hours by bus ).

Waters

The major rivers of the region are the Río Velille and the Río Santo Tomás. Over a distance of about 80 km of the Río Santo Tomás serves as the western boundary between the provinces Chumbivilcas and Cotabambas ( Apurimac region ). In Tincocc ( Huancavelica region ) it empties into the Rio Apurimac, a source of the Amazon River. To the south runs along the border with the Arequipa region of the Río Cayarani, which merges with the River Velille. Meanwhile riverbed shapes the landscape Chumbivilcas until it also opens into the Apurimac.

Hydrographic Location:

  • Estuary waters: Atlantic
  • Catchment area: Río Ucayali
  • Larger catchment area: larger catchment area of ​​the river Apurimac
  • Middle catchment areas: higher catchment area of ​​the river Apurimac
  • Lower catchment area: Río Santo Tomás, Livitaca and Río Velille

Climate

In the high Andes following the short rainy season ( " summer "), a long dry season ( " winter "). Must equal the beginning of the rains between September and December - depending on the type of cultivation - the seeds are introduced. When the rainy season ends in April or May, the soil is dry and hard to be edited. The plants stop growing or succumb to the freezing nights. In the highlands of sub-zero temperatures may occur up to -18 ° C. Heavy rains cause floods that destroy roads and irrigation systems and result in losses in livestock ( alpacas, llamas, cows, sheep, etc.) and in agriculture.

Due to the pronounced relief of the landscape, the temperature fluctuations between day and night are considerable. The thermal behavior is generally cold - temperate, cold in the highest zones and temperate in the valleys. The average temperature of the province is 10:17 ° C and the annual maximum and minimum are at 18.4 ° C in November and 0.3 ° C in July. The annual rainfall in Chumbivilcas are significant with a different temporal and spatial distribution. Rain has orographic and convective character, the former by the presence of the Central Cordillera, which concentrates originating from the Amazon water masses that cross the barrier of the Eastern Cordillera and on the other hand, the rainfall with convective character product of the hydrological cycle of the province. The annual average rainfall in the province is estimated to be 918 mm. The distribution is closely related to the proximity of the central chain, where the highest values ​​are ( Livitaca 1047 mm ) in their vicinity. In contrast, the precipitation in the distance therefrom zones (Santo Tomás 789 mm ) are lower, since the precipitates are mostly convective type. Generally, there are terms of the distribution of rainfall over the year striking differences: the dry season between April and September and the rainy season between October and March. More than 69.8 % of the total annual rainfall, which is registered in the province falls within the months of December to March. For the remaining months of low or partly no amounts are recorded.

Fauna

In the southern Andes is alive - barely detectable - the mountain cat, also called the Andean cat. Their size is similar to a domestic cat. It is one of the least known and rarest cat species. It is thought to far above the tree line in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina, because it was seen as early as 5100 m altitude. The Andean cat is considered endangered.

Flora

Peru is the country of origin of quinoa. It has been cultivated here 6000 years ago. Since these very proteinaceous plant thrives even in documents 2800-4000 meters, its cultivation is now funded by development projects.

Administrative Divisions

Chumbivilcas is one of the 13 provinces in the Cusco region. Provincial capital is Santo Tomás. The province is divided into eight districts:

  • Santo Tomás
  • Capacmarca
  • Chamaca
  • Colquemarca
  • Livitaca
  • Llusco
  • Quiñota
  • Velille

Officially, the Province Chumbivilcas was founded on 21 June 1825.

History

In pre-Columbian period, the Wari culture developed in this area. After oral Überliefierung the area during the reign of the Inca Mayta Capac of ( Quechua: Mayta Qhapaq ) was subjected to.

As proven today is that in the area that is now known as Chumbivilcas, before the conquest by the Spaniards at least three groups with different social status lived. These groups differed in their access to economic resources and political power as by their language and belonging to ethnic groups. So living in the territories, released today by the districts Velille, Chamaca, Santo Tomás, Colquemarca, Livitaca ( province Chumbivilcas ) and Omacha ( province Paruro ) are formed, an ethnic group that chumbivilcano, a language unknown to this day, and another, the Quechua language, the language of the Incas. The former lived in the high plains of the farms near Colquemarca, Livitaca, Velille and Santo Tomás. These local chumbivilcanos had over the later-occurring Quechua-speaking elite, who was associated with the Inca state in Cusco, pay tribute. In addition, there was another, Aymara -speaking group that lived in the area of Llusco, known in the pre-Hispanic period as Cusco and seat another group of the Inca nobility.

Primarily, we find a clear dichotomy between the Hanan and Hurin within the population of Chumbivilcas. The data on these organizations come from Spanish sources and relate to the organization of repartimientos and reductions that have been set for the new colonial government. In addition to the Hanan and Hurin of Santo Tomás and the Hanan and Hurin by Colquemarca there was a third group of particular ethnic origin. In Colquemarca this third group lived there, where communities Yanque, Laccalacca, Parccobamba and Charamoray are located today. In Santo Tomás Ancoyocondes lived in the Southwest. The Ancoyocondes and Yanques were probably closely related to the Count ( condes ) of Collaguas (Arequipa ) and the counts of Cusco, which belonged to Ko Regiment of Chumbivilcas. Within each repartimientos in Chumbivilcas there was a fixed Dezimaleinteilung. So Colquemarca, Velille, Chamaca, Livitaca, Capacmarca and Llusco - Quinota consisted of ten Ayllus respectively.

Population

Approximately 77 721 inhabitants ( census 2005) living in an area of 5371.08 km ². There are about 77 different local communities. Chumbivilcas is considered one of the poorest areas of the country. The annual per capita income is U.S. $ 115. The infant mortality rate (0-2 years) is 107.2 of 1000th Half of the population is younger than 16 years. Families with eight or more children are not uncommon in the country. Most of the locals live (illiteracy among women 84%, men 48.11 %) in small farmsteads, which leads through the extensive way and the difficult typology of literacy below 50%. Extreme climatic and geographical conditions make it difficult for small farmers to escape on their own poverty. National and international aid projects aim to aim to allow through sustainable measures in the areas of education, health and living environment a sustainable way out of poverty, not least to the counter associated with their country escape.

Overall, the population (0.9%) rise - as in all of Peru (up to 2 %) - due to the population explosion of the '50s and '60s and the significant advances in health care, although birth rates in recent years have declined.

Source: censo de Vivienda y Población del 2005 - INEI, censo de Talla Escolar de 1999 - MINEDU / FONCODES / UPR, p 56

Language

The Chumbivilcanos speak Quechua. Due to the migration of a large number of villagers to the cities the Spanish language ( castellano ) wins feeder. School children are taught bilingually by law.

Religion

Christianity dominated the religious life, but at the same time traditional rites of ancient religious beliefs are woven in, are with the land, the cattle and the Apus ( gods ) connected.

Economy

Agriculture

Natural pastures cover 70 % of the total area of ​​the province. For agriculture this soil is poorly suited. Within 4200-4800 m height can be kept without great risk in only the South American camelids. Between 3,000 and 4,100 meters above sea level, the families devoted primarily to the rearing of sheep and very few cattle. In the lower elevations, there are cultivated pastures and better livestock. Here are milk and livestock products to the local and increasingly sold on regional markets. The most important problem of animal husbandry is the lack of food by overgrazed areas, permanent soil erosion, lack of irrigation systems and the high contamination of pastures with the large liver fluke that infects sheep and cattle.

Mining

Chumbivilcas has very large metal deposits. Due to the increasing demand for copper, gold and iron ore etc., prices have almost doubled on the world market in the last four years. The mining industry has therefore become an extremely lucrative business. Based on local legislation landowners own their land are up to one meter depth. The ownership of the soil underlying the state has. Thus, the Bergbauministerum can forgive the mineral rights to corporations, without informing the landowner. In the Andes, the villages have communal property. The village communities have the title deeds and the individual families receive the right to use. What happened in Quiñota in 2005, engineers have visited individual families, promised well-paid work and received the consent of the families for the use of lands by the Group. The village remains the owner, but the right to use submitted their families. Conflicts are thus predetermined.

Culture

Tourism

Chumbivilcas, Land of Qorilazo ( Quechua, literally: Gold Lasso ), offering visitors an alternative tourist attractions: horse racing, bullfighting, cockfighting, Performance primitive dances of the area, typical costumes, farmers markets and crafts. Every year in Santo Tomás instead of the traditional horse race that coincides with the celebrations of the anniversary of the founding of the province. A unique ritual feast is Takanakuy (also Takanacuy ). It is publicly discharged battles between two opponents who face each other in the middle of a circle of spectators. The ritual battle with pure physical effort is intended to enable the counterparty, a clean up any disputes once and for all. The winner may be described as Qorilaso. In Santo Tomás, the most famous venue, the festival takes place on Christmas Day.

Attractions

  • Church of Santo Tomás
  • Caves of Warari (also Huarari ) at Livitaca
  • Thermal spring of Qoñiuno
  • Subterranean tunnel complex of pre-Columbian ( probably from the Wari culture ) - The complex is located under the Lliqui place near the mountain Aya- Ayapata. The archaeological discovery in August 2002, which also brought pieces of pottery and bones for days, was made by accident in pursuit of cattle thieves.
  • Mawk'a Livitaca at Livitaca - pre-Inca city located at a place called Qiwincha Urquhart with remnants of seats, walls, tombs and aqueducts from the Wari culture
  • Chullpas de Ch'iñisiri at Livitaca - beautiful archaeological site situated at a place called T'uqra with sarcophagi made ​​of mud and straw, on the facades of white, red and ocher painted ashlar

Dances

  • De mis Trenzas (German: From my braids ) - Dance of the district of Santo Tomás. With music, song and dance, the worshipers make their adored the yard. The Ladies of Chumbivilcas, charmed by this courtship, accept the invitation to flirty and follow them.
  • Waynachura - Dance of the district of Santo Tomás. Longing and pain of love expressed in his songs. The couple scold each other for the loss chagrin. But in the end love triumphs.
  • Takanakuy - This dance (also a tradition ) is danced on several occasions in Chumbivilcas and takes a very old tradition. He goes back to the resistance movement Taky Unquy in 1560 against the Spanish invasion and calls pre-Hispanic rituals in memory.
  • Wifala - a dance with carnivalesque trains. It has its origin in the joy of pet owners and it is considered a good omen for agriculture and animal husbandry, when the festival is joyous and pompous.
  • Ayarachi - a dance for 12 people, which is accompanied with primitive instruments, similar to large pastoral flutes, and drums. It is a round dance with funeral character. The special feature of this dance is the use of pre-Hispanic clothing.
  • Llamerada - a dance for 12 people. He is also religious and sign for a good year. The special feature is that it is accompanied by a violin.

Festivals

  • January 3: Takanakuy in the district Llusco
  • September 8: Market, bullfighting and horse racing in Santo Tomás
  • 24th and 26th December: in the district of Santo Tomas Takanakuy

Crafts

  • Textiles - ponchos, generally red with decorative fringe
  • Baldric
  • Hats made of sheep's wool

Kitchen

Typical meals are cooked potatoes, Chuños, corn, barley and fish. Quinoa is cooked as an ingredient in bread and baked goods, as well as pasta, cooked as a side dish and used in soups, stews, casseroles, dumplings, pancakes and desserts. Another plant already used at the time of the Incas is the fast growing Kiwicha whose leaves and seeds are edible. The seeds are roasted or processed in the quinoa flour for bread and pancakes.

Cusco (Region) Administrative centre Huancavelica (Region) Mayta Cápac Aymara language Arequipa (Region) Smallholder Urbanization Apu (god) Sarcophagus
190070
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