Clerodendrum

Inflorescence the Magnificent Losbaums ( Clerodendrum speciosissimum )

The Losbäume or Lossträucher ( Clerodendrum, misspelling Clerodendron ) are a genus of flowering plants in the mint family ( Lamiaceae). Some species are used ornamental plants.

4.1 Notes and references

5.1 External links

Description and ecology

Appearance and leaves

In Clerodendrum species are small trees, shrubs, lianas, rarely also to subshrubs or herbaceous plants. Some species form foothills. The bark is never warty ( unlike oviedo ).

There are in the genus both deciduous and evergreen species. The mostly opposite, rarely whorled arranged leaves are usually stalked. The leaf blades are simple, sometimes lobed. You are never prickly ( unlike oviedo ). There are no stipules present.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are borne in terminal normally, loose to dense, zymösen inflorescences.

Characteristic Clerodendrum species is the structure of the flowers. The hermaphrodite flowers are slightly zygomorphic and fünfzählig double perianth. The five sepals are fused together into an often showy, bell - up tubular calyx, terminating in differently shaped calyx lobes. In many species the calyx is strongly ribbed. The petals are sorted by type red to pink or white to yellow. The five petals are fused into a more or less radial symmetry to significantly zygomorphen crown, consisting of a long, narrow corolla tube - is flat and five wheel-shaped spread, usually same Kronzipfeln - in some species up to 15 centimeters. The most four, rarely five stamens protrude usually far out of the corolla. The inserted into the corolla tube filaments are free. The two carpels are fused to an incomplete vierkammerigen ovary. Each ovary chamber contains only one ovule. On the upper end of the ovary sits the long style that is short bilobed. There is protandry. Pollination is by langrüsselige butterflies, in some species by birds.

Fruit and seeds

The fleshy drupes are often vierrippig or -lobed. The endocarp is hard. The drupe is divided into four casts, one of which sometimes only two fully develop. Each stone core contains a seed. At maturity, the drupes are often conspicuously colored. At the time of fruit ripening of the calyx is often thicker and bigger and turns so that it forms a contrast to the fruit. This serves to attract birds that spread the seeds ( endozoochory ). In contrast, the fruits are at Volkameria dry and inconspicuously colored and relatively inconspicuous colored sepals not be magnified.

Systematics and distribution

Today, only about 150 species are found only in the Paläotropis. Some species are also found in the temperate regions of Asia and Africa. In China, there are about 34 species. They usually grow in forests or thickets. Whether still belong to the neotropical species Clerodendrum is not secured; eight species are found only in Cuba.

The genus Clerodendrum was made earlier to the family Verbenaceae. The genus Clerodendrum now belongs to the tribe Ajugoideae within the family Lamiaceae.

The genus Clerodendrum was erected in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, p 637. Type species Clerodendrum is infortunatum L. are synonyms for Clerodendrum L.: Volkmannia Jacq, Valdia Boehm, Torreya Spreng.. . nom. illeg. , Tetraclea A.Gray, Siphoboea Baill. , Siphonanthus L., Montalbania Neck., Marurang Adans. , Egena Raf., Duglassia Houst. , Cryptanthus Osbeck nom. rej. , Cleianthus Lour. ex B.A.Gomes, Bellevalia Scop. nom. illeg. , Archboldia E.Beer & HJLam, Agricolaea cabinet, Adelosa flower.

With around 400 species and a wide morphological range the species has always been suspected to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, and it's been tried time and again to divide the genus. While two large groups Clerodendrum L. s.str be traditional. and Cyclonema ( Hochst. ) Gürke distinguished, depending on the author to genus level or below. In addition to these are other smaller groups were removed.

Since the nineties of the 19th century by Gene sequences ( molecular biology ) has been shown to Clerodendrum sl is actually polyphyletic. Many species of Clerodendrum subtaxa subg. Cyclonema ( Hochst. ) Gürke and Clerodendrum sect. Konocalyx (Thomas) Verdc. was placed in the genus reactivated Rotheca ( around 33 species). However Clerodendrum is s.str. despite the elimination of continues Cyclonema polyphyletic. Since then, many species have been found in several other genera. A species is listed in the monotypic genus oviedo. When the genus Clerodendrum s.str. monophyletic is was far controversial. Thus, the numbers of species of about 400 to about 300 or even just 150 Near reduced related are also the genera Aegiphila ( 120 species ), Amasonia (8 species), Kalaharia ( 1 species ) and Tetraclea (2 species). With a circumference of about 150 paläotropischen species Clerodendrum is monophyletic.

The genus Clerodendrum contains 150 to about 300 species:

Clerodendrum abilioi R.Fern.
Clerodendrum adenocalyx double
Clerodendrum adenophysum Hallier f
Clerodendrum africanum Moldenke
Clerodendrum albiflos H.J.Lam
Clerodendrum alboviolaceum Moldenke
Clerodendrum anafense Britton & P.Wilson: It occurs only in Cuba.
Clerodendrum andamanense ( Moldenke ) A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
Clerodendrum anomalum Letouzey
Clerodendrum apayaoense Quisumb.
Clerodendrum arenarium Baker
Clerodendrum atlanticum Jongkind
Clerodendrum aucubifolium Hemsl.
Clerodendrum bakhuizenii Moldenke
Clerodendrum barba - felis Hallier f
Clerodendrum baronianum Oliv.
Clerodendrum baumii Gürke
Clerodendrum bellum Moldenke
Clerodendrum bethuneanum H.Low
Clerodendrum bingaense S.Moore
Clerodendrum bipindense Gürke
Clerodendrum boivinii Moldenke
Clerodendrum bosseri Capuron
Clerodendrum brachyanthum shower
Clerodendrum brachystemon CYWu & RCFang: It grows in open forests along valleys at altitudes from 800 to 1400 meters only in Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Province and Zizhizhou Medog in the Tibet Autonomous Region.
Clerodendrum bracteatum Wall. ex Walp.
Clerodendrum brassii Beer & H.J.Lam
Clerodendrum breviflorum Ridl.
Clerodendrum brooksii Ridl.
Clerodendrum brunfelsiiflorum Hallier f
Clerodendrum brunnescens Moldenke
Clerodendrum brunsvigioides Baker
Clerodendrum buchananii ( Roxb. ) Walp.
Clerodendrum buchneri Gürke
Clerodendrum buettneri Gürke
Magnificent Losstrauch ( Clerodendrum bungei Steud. )
Clerodendrum L. calamitosum
Clerodendrum calcicola Britton: This endemic species grows only in the evergreen coastal forests in western Cuba.
Clerodendrum canescens Wall. ex Walp.
Clerodendrum capitatum ( Willd.) Shoe Mach. & Thonn.
Clerodendrum carnosulum Baker
Clerodendrum caryopteroides Moldenke
Clerodendrum cauliflorum Vatke
Clerodendrum cecil - fischeri A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
Clerodendrum cephalanthum Oliv.
Clerodendrum ceramenae Moldenke
Clerodendrum chamaeriphes Wernham
Clerodendrum chartaceum Moldenke
Arbor Losstrauch or Scented Losstrauch ( Clerodendrum chinense ( Osbeck ) Mabb, Syn: .. .. Cryptanthus chinensis Osbeck, Volkmannia japonica Jacq, Volkameria fragrans Vent, Agricolaea fragrans ( Vent. ) cabinet, Clerodendrum fragrans Willd, Clerodendrum fragrans ( Vent. ) R.Br. nom. illeg. , Clerodendrum philippinum showers, Clerodendrum macradenium Miq. , Clerodendrum roseum Poit. , Clerodendrum lasiocephalum CBClarke, oviedo fragrans ( Vent. ) Hitchc. , Clerodendrum japonicum ( Jacq. ) Gandhi nom illeg. . )
Clerodendrum chlorisepalum Merr. ex Moldenke
Clerodendrum citrinum Ridl.
Clerodendrum cochinchinense double
Clerodendrum comans Moldenke
Clerodendrum condensatum Miq.
Clerodendrum confine S.L.Chen & T.D.Zhuang
Clerodendrum confusum Hallier f
Clerodendrum corbisieri De Wild.
Clerodendrum cordatum D.Don
Clerodendrum costatum R.Br.
Clerodendrum coulteri ( A. Gray ) Govaerts
Clerodendrum cubense showers: It occurs only in Cuba.
Clerodendrum cumingianum shower
Clerodendrum curranii Elmer
Clerodendrum curtisii N.E.Br.
Clerodendrum cuspidatum Turcz.
Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum Turcz.
Clerodendrum dauphinense Moldenke
Clerodendrum decaryi Moldenke
Clerodendrum deflexum Wall.
Clerodendrum dembianense Chiov.
Clerodendrum densiflorum handle.
Clerodendrum denticulatum Moldenke: It occurs only in eastern Cuba.
Clerodendrum dependens Aug.DC.
Clerodendrum dewittei Moldenke
Clerodendrum dinklagei Gürke
Clerodendrum disparifolium flower
Clerodendrum dusenii Gürke
Clerodendrum ekmanii Moldenke
Clerodendrum elbertii Hallier f
Clerodendrum elliotii Moldenke
Clerodendrum elliptifolium Merr.
Clerodendrum emirnense Boii ex Hook.
Clerodendrum erectum De Wild.
Clerodendrum ervatamioides C.Y.Wu
Clerodendrum eucalycinum Oliv.
Clerodendrum eupatorioides Baker
Clerodendrum excavatum De Wild.
Clerodendrum farafanganense Moldenke
Clerodendrum fasciculatum B.Thomas
Clerodendrum fastigiatum (Hunter ex Ridl. ) HJLam
Clerodendrum filipes Moldenke
Clerodendrum finetii double
Clerodendrum fistulosum Becc.
Clerodendrum flavum Merr.
Clerodendrum floribundum R.Br.
Clerodendrum formicarum Gürke
Clerodendrum L. fortunatum
Clerodendrum friesii K.Schum.
Clerodendrum frutectorum S.Moore
Clerodendrum fugitans Wernham
Clerodendrum fuscum Gürke
Clerodendrum galeatum Balf. f
Clerodendrum garrettianum Craib
Clerodendrum gaudichaudii double
Clerodendrum geoffrayi double
Clerodendrum gibbosum Moldenke
Clerodendrum glandulosum Lindl.
Clerodendrum globosum Moldenke
Clerodendrum globuliflorum B.Thomas
Clerodendrum godefroyi Kuntze
Clerodendrum grandiflorum ( Hook. ) rain
Clerodendrum grayi Munir
Clerodendrum grevei Moldenke
Clerodendrum griffithianum C.B.Clarke
Clerodendrum haematolasium Hallier f
Clerodendrum hahnianum double
Clerodendrum hainanense Hand. - Mazz.
Clerodendrum harmandianum double
Clerodendrum harnierianum Schweinf.
Clerodendrum hastatum ( Roxb. ) Lindl.
Clerodendrum hendersonii Moldenke
Clerodendrum henryi C.Pei
Clerodendrum hettae Hallier f
Clerodendrum hexangulatum B.Thomas
Clerodendrum hildebrandtii Vatke
Clerodendrum hircinum shower
Clerodendrum hispidum M.R.Hend.
Clerodendrum hiulcum Moldenke
Clerodendrum horsfieldii Miq.
Clerodendrum humbertii Moldenke
Clerodendrum inaequipetiolatum R.D.Good
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze
Clerodendrum infortunatum L. ( syn.. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent nom Superfl, Volkameria infortunata (L.) Roxb, oviedo infortunata (L.) Baill, Clerodendrum calycinum Turcz. .. .. )
Clerodendrum ingratum K.Schum. & Lauterb.
Clerodendrum insolitum Moldenke
Clerodendrum intermedium Cham.
Clerodendrum involucratum Vatke
Clerodendrum japonicum ( Thunb. ) Sweet ( Syn: Volkameria japonica Thunb. ): There are two varieties.
Clerodendrum johnstonii Oliv.
Clerodendrum johorense Moldenke
Clerodendrum kaichianum P.S.Hsu
Clerodendrum kalaotoense H.J.Lam
Clerodendrum kampotense double
Clerodendrum Kanichi De Wild.
Clerodendrum katangensis De Wild.
Clerodendrum kauderni Moldenke
Clerodendrum kiangsiense Merr. ex H.L.Li
Clerodendrum kinabaluense Stapf
Clerodendrum klemmei Elmer
Clerodendrum kwangtungense Hand. - Mazz.
Clerodendrum laciniatum Balf. f
Clerodendrum laevifolium flower ( syn.. Clerodendrum nutans Wall ex D.Don nom illeg, Clerodendrum ellipticum Zipp ex tension, Clerodendrum wallichii Merr.. .. . )
Clerodendrum lanceoliferum S.Moore
Clerodendrum lanessanii double
Clerodendrum lankawiense King & Gamble
Clerodendrum lanuginosum flower
Clerodendrum lastellei Moldenke
Clerodendrum laxiflorum Baker
Clerodendrum lecomtei double
Clerodendrum leparense Moldenke
Clerodendrum leprieuri Moldenke
Clerodendrum leucobotrys Breteler
Clerodendrum leucophloeum Balf. f
Clerodendrum lindemuthianum Vatke
Clerodendrum lindenianum A.Rich.
Clerodendrum lindleyi Decne. ex Planch.
Clerodendrum lloydianum Craib
Clerodendrum longiflorum Decne.
Clerodendrum longilimbum C.Pei
Clerodendrum longisepalum double
Clerodendrum lutambense Verdc.
Clerodendrum luteopunctatum C.Pei & S.L.Chen
Clerodendrum luzoniense Merr.
Clerodendrum mabesae Merr.
Clerodendrum macrocalycinum Baker
Clerodendrum macrocalyx H.J.Lam
Clerodendrum macrostachyum Turcz.
Clerodendrum macrostegium shower
Clerodendrum madagascariense Moldenke
Clerodendrum magnificum Warblers.
Clerodendrum magnoliifolium Baker
Clerodendrum mananjariense Moldenke
Clerodendrum mandarinorum Diels
Clerodendrum mandrarense Moldenke
Clerodendrum mannii Baker
Clerodendrum manombense Moldenke
Clerodendrum margaritense Moldenke
Clerodendrum melanocrater Gürke
Clerodendrum membranifolium H.J.Lam
Clerodendrum micans Gürke
Clerodendrum microcalyx Ridl.
Clerodendrum mildbraedii B.Thomas
Clerodendrum minahassae Teijsm. & Binn. ( Syn: .. Clerodendrum blancoi Náves Fern. ex -Villalba, Siphoboea commersonii Baill, Clerodendrum minahassae var grandicalyx Moldenke ): This type of Malaysia's has so-called water goblets, ie the cup is during the stage of flowering buds bulging with water filled.
Clerodendrum mindorense Merr.
Clerodendrum mirabile Baker
Clerodendrum moramangense Moldenke
Clerodendrum morigono Chiov.
Clerodendrum multibracteatum Merr.
Clerodendrum myrianthum Mildbr.
Clerodendrum myrmecophilum Ridl. ( Syn: Clerodendrum macrophyllum var myrmecophilum ( Ridl. ) Bakh, Clerodendrum phyllomega var myrmecophilum ( Ridl. ) Moldenke, Clerodendrum brookeanum WWSm. . ): This type comes from Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia's before and with a symbiotic ants is received. These live in the hollow stems members. When inputs and outputs, the plant produces horn-like outgrowths with thin bodies that need to be broken up by the ants ( Myrmekophylaxis ).
Clerodendrum myrtifolium Moldenke
Clerodendrum nhatrangense double
Clerodendrum nicolsonii A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
Clerodendrum nipense Urb.
Clerodendrum nudiflorum Moldenke
Clerodendrum nutans Wall. ex Jack
Clerodendrum oblongifolium Kochummen
Clerodendrum obovatum ( Roxb. ) Walp.
Clerodendrum ohwii Kaneh. & Hatus.
Clerodendrum palmatolobatum double
Rispenblütiger Losstrauch ( Clerodendrum paniculatum L. (syn.: Volkameria angulata Lour, Clerodendrum diversifolium Vahl, Vahl Volkameria diversifolia, Clerodendrum pyramidal Andrews, Cleianthus coccineus Lour ex BAGomes, Clerodendrum paniculatum var diversifolium ( Vahl ) CBClarke ): .. He in the tropical to subtropical Asia and is widely used as an ornamental plant.
Clerodendrum parvitubulatum B.Thomas
Clerodendrum parvulum L.S.Sm.
Clerodendrum paucidentatum Moldenke
Clerodendrum pauciflorum Moldenke
Clerodendrum PEII Moldenke
Clerodendrum peregrinum Moldenke
Clerodendrum perrieri Moldenke
Clerodendrum petasites ( Lour. ) S.Moore
Clerodendrum petunioides Baker
Clerodendrum philippinense Elmer
Phlomidis Clerodendrum L. f
Clerodendrum phyllomega Steud.
Clerodendrum picardae Urb.
Clerodendrum pierreanum double
Clerodendrum pleiosciadium Gürke
Clerodendrum poggei Gürke
Clerodendrum polyanthum Gürke
Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker
Clerodendrum porphyrocalyx K.Schum. & Lauterb.
Clerodendrum praetervisa Guinea
Clerodendrum premnoides Moldenke
Clerodendrum preslii Elmer
Clerodendrum puberulum Merr.
Clerodendrum pubifolium Quisumb. & Merr.
Clerodendrum pusillum Gürke
Clerodendrum Putre shower
Clerodendrum pygmaeum Merr.
Clerodendrum pynaertii De Wild.
Clerodendrum pyrifolium Baker
Clerodendrum quadriloculare ( Blanco ) Merr.
Clerodendrum ramosissimum Baker
Clerodendrum revolutum Bosser
Clerodendrum ridleyi King & Gamble
Clerodendrum riedelii Oliv.
Clerodendrum ringoetii De Wild.
Clerodendrum robecchii Chiov.
Clerodendrum robustum Klotzsch
Clerodendrum roseiflorum Moldenke
Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv.
Clerodendrum rubellum Baker
Clerodendrum rumphianum de Vriese
Clerodendrum rusbyi Moldenke
Clerodendrum sahelangii Coord ex Bakh.
Clerodendrum sakaleonense Moldenke
Clerodendrum sarawakanum H.J.Lam
Clerodendrum sassandrense Jongkind
Clerodendrum schmidtii C.B.Clarke
Clerodendrum schweinfurthii Gürke
Clerodendrum scopiferum Miq.
Clerodendrum sessilifolium Moldenke
Clerodendrum Silvanum Henriq.
Clerodendrum silvestre B.Thomas
Clerodendrum singalense Miq.
Clerodendrum singwanum B.Thomas
Clerodendrum sinuatum Hook.
Clerodendrum smitinandii Moldenke
Magnificent Losbaum ( Clerodendrum speciosissimum Drapiez )
Clerodendrum speciosum × Dombrain
Clerodendrum splendens G.Don
Clerodendrum subpeltatum Wernham
Clerodendrum subreniforme Gürke
Clerodendrum subtruncatum Moldenke
Clerodendrum sumatranum Moldenke
Clerodendrum sylvae Aidan
Clerodendrum sylvestre Moldenke
Clerodendrum tanganyikense Baker
Clerodendrum tatei ( F.Muell. ) Munir
Clerodendrum ternatum Schinz
Clerodendrum tessmannii Moldenke
Climbing Losstrauch ( Clerodendrum thomsoniae Balf f, Syn. Clerodendrum thomsoniae var balfourii BDJacks ex Dombrain Clerodendrum balfourii ( BDJacks. ex Dombrain ) Dombrain Clerodendrum delectum Pynaert. ): This kind of climbing comes from the tropical West Africa and is because of their red corollas and the pure white chalices used as an ornamental plant.
Clerodendrum thyrsoideum Gürke
Clerodendrum tibetanum C.Y.Wu & S.K.Wu
Clerodendrum tomentellum Hutch. & Dalziel
Clerodendrum tomentosum ( Vent. ) R.Br.
Clerodendrum tonkinense double
Clerodendrum toxicarium Baker
Clerodendrum tracyanum ( F.Muell. ) Benth.
Clerodendrum trichanthum Bosser
Clerodendrum tricholobum Gürke
Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunb. It comes with three varieties in China and East Asia from the temperate to the northern Philippines before. This hardy, small tree has white, fragrant flowers crowns and sharp ribbed goblets, which are thick and red in fruit ripening. It is also sometimes used in Europe as an ornamental plant.
Clerodendrum triflorum Vis.
Clerodendrum tuberculatum A.Rich.
Clerodendrum tubulosum Moldenke
Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir.
Clerodendrum umbratile King & Gamble
Clerodendrum urticifolium ( Roxb. ) Wall.
Clerodendrum utakwense Wernham
Clerodendrum vanoverberghii Merr.
Clerodendrum villosicalyx Moldenke
Clerodendrum villosum flower
Clerodendrum vinosum Moldenke
Clerodendrum volubile P.Beauv.
Clerodendrum wallii Moldenke
Clerodendrum welwitschii Gürke
Clerodendrum wenzelii Merr.
Clerodendrum williamsii Elmer
Clerodendrum yunnanense Hu

No longer belong to the genus Clerodendrum species today to the genera Volkameria (25 to 30 species ), Rotheca and belong to the monotypic genus oviedo:

Clerodendrum acerbianum ( Vis. ) B.D.Jacks. → Volkameria acerbiana Vis. It is widespread in tropical Africa.
Clerodendrum aggregatum Gürke → Volkameria aggregata ( Gürke ) Mabb. & YWYuan: It is widespread in tropical Africa.
Clerodendrum costaricense Standlschmaus. → Volkameria costaricensis ( Standl. ) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan: It occurs in the Caribbean.
Clerodendrum Eriophyllum Gürke → Volkameria eriophylla ( Gürke ) Mabb. & YWYuan: It is widespread in tropical Africa.
Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. → Volkameria glabra ( E.Mey. ) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan: It occurs in South Africa.
Clerodendrum heterophyllum ( Poir. ) R.Br. → Volkameria heterophylla Poir.
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. → Volkameria inermis L.: It is in tropical Asia and spread to the Pacific Islands.
Clerodendrum ligustrinum ( Jacq. ) R.Br. → Volkameria ligustrina Jacq. It is distributed in the Neotropics.
Clerodendrum molle Kunth. → Volkameria mollis ( Kunth ) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan: It is distributed in the Neotropics.
Clerodendrum pittieri Moldenke → Volkameria pittieri ( Moldenke ) Mabb. & Y.W.Yuan: It occurs in the Caribbean.
Clerodendrum spinosum (L.) Spreng. → oviedo spinosa L.: It occurs only on Hispaniola.
Blue Wing, butterfly bush, tree fate, Uganda or Ugandan Losstrauch Losstrauch ( Clerodendrum ugandense Prain ) → Rotheca myricoides ( Hochst. ) Steane & Mabb. subsp. myricoides

Use

Because of its showy flowers, some species and, at least in warmer areas, used as ornamental plants.

Swell

Shou- liang Chen & Michael G. Gilbert: Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum, pp. 34 - text Registered as printed work, In: . Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24- X (sections description, distribution and systematics).
Yao - Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane & Richard G. Olmstead: Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum ( Lamiaceae). Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy. In: Taxon, Volume 59, Issue 1, 2010, pp. 125-133. PDF file.

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