Codling moth
Codling moth ( Cydia pomonella ) in rest position
The codling moth ( Cydia pomonella, Synonyms: Carpocapsa pomonella ) is a butterfly (moth ) from the family of the winder ( Tortricidae ). The larvae of the codling moth are considered in orchards and home garden as a pest.
- 2.1 symptoms
- 2.2 Countermeasures
- 3.1 Notes and references
- 3.2 Literature
Description
Features
The codling moth is greyish with light gray stripes and coppery spot at the end of the wings. The wingspan is about 1.4 to 2.2 cm. Resting the codling moth is 1 cm long. The eggs laid are very flat, round and half - lens- like shape in height. The color is white and transparent. Their size is 1 mm. The hatched caterpillars are 2 mm long and the last larval stage 1.5 to 2 cm in size. The larvae are whitish / yellowish with black head and are always redder with time. The doll is formed brown with about 1 cm in length.
Way of life
The codling moth is one generation per year, which flies mainly in May and June. Optimal conditions for the flight is the time of twilight in the evening. Especially during hot, windless nights of around 20 ° C and humid weather, the codling moth are particularly active. The female moths lay 30 to 60 eggs on the fruit or the leaves of fruit trees. Temperatures drop below 15 ° C, oviposition is interrupted. Because below 10 ° C is not possible, the egg development. Eggs are laid on flat surfaces. Initially, to June, are the leaves and later, in July, the fruits when they have lost their fluff. For the development of the egg-laying to hatching of the codling moth requires 7 to 15 days. The pests attack the fruit as L1 larvae (first instar ) and they feed on this for about three weeks. The larvae feed on both the pulp and the seeds. For the development from hatching to full grown larva of the caterpillar takes 3 to 4 weeks. Thereafter, the larvae leave the fruit to pupate pupate or to hibernate. The decisive factor is genetics. Thus, the half pupates immediately. The other 50 % only pupate when favorable climatic conditions for a second -generation exist. Conveniently, the circumstances in June, during mid-July, only a few pupate. The end of July pupate all and seek the wintering area under the bark on. Under favorable conditions, a second generation flies in August and September. In warmer climates up to four generations per year are possible. Hibernation takes place in the cocoon, either in the bark of trees or in the ground.
Occurrence and distribution
Originally distributed only in Europe you can find him now the world. Besides apples (Malus spp.) Are mainly under climatically favorable conditions ( warm years) and pears (Pyrus spp.), Quince ( Cydonia oblonga ), apricots, peaches ( Prunus ), plum, cherry, hawthorn, chestnut ( Castanea sativa), walnut ( Juglans regia) and fig (Ficus carica ) infested.
Plant damage
Symptoms
The hatched caterpillar eats in front of the fruit topping or directly into the fruit to the core. First, it creates a spiral path and then directly penetrate the fruit inside. Finally, it feeds from the core house, along with the seeds ( kernels ). When eating the feces in the form of flour similar to ground coffee is eliminated and disposed of through the entry point.
Countermeasures
When biological control is placed on the disrupter, the codling moth and various natural enemies such as ear worms ( often found in the food aisles of Apfelwicklerlarve ), bugs, and parasitic wasps such as Elodia tragica, Trichomma enecator, Ascogaster quadridentatus and Hyssopus pallidus. The larvae also provide a welcome food for birds dar. to biological control of larvae of the codling moth is also the baculovirus but has now also codling moth have been discovered that are resistant to this virus. All measures that promote these beneficial organisms, contribute to the regulation of the pest.
Forecasts for pest emergence be done with pheromone traps and calculated the hatching of the eggs with degree numbers. It all temperature sums are summed over 10 ° C. This gives an indication of the progress of the development, because this is proportional to the temperature sum. The latter is determined automatically today with weather station and computer.
For precise chemical treatments the population size is determined by pheromone traps and then fought the attack targeted with less use of pesticides. The codling moth is combated by spraying with insecticides, which must be used preventively without monitoring of pest emergence.