Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne
The Congrès Internationaux d' Architecture Moderne ( CIAM ) (German: International Congresses Modern architecture ) was a in the years 1928-1959 held series of meetings for architects and urban planners, who acted as a think tank on various topics of architecture and urban planning.
Overview
The 20th century was concerned with numerous manifestos on the subject of contemporary architecture and urban planning. A significant contribution to exchange ideas delivered internationally renowned architects in the group CIAM. 28 European architects founded on Chateau de la Sarraz in the Swiss town of La Sarraz near Lausanne in June 1928 Congrès International d' Architecture Moderne ( CIAM ). Initiators were Le Corbusier supported by Hélène de Mandrot, the owner of the castle, Gabriel Guévrékian and the art historian Sigfried Giedion, the first Secretary of the CIAM. Giedion also encouraged the establishment of the MARS group in the UK, which was formed as a branch of CIAM in February 1933.
Other well-known founding members were Walter Gropius, Karl Moser ( founding president of CIAM ), Uno Åhrén, Hendrik Berlage, Victor Bourgeois, Pierre Chareau, Josef Frank, Gabriel Guevrekian, Max Ernst Haefeli, Hugo Häring, Arnold Höchel, Huib Hoste, Pierre Jeanneret, André Lurçat, Ernst May, Fernando García Mercadal, Hannes Meyer, Werner Max Moser, Carlo Enrico Rava, Gerrit Rietveld, Alberto Sartoris, Hans Schmidt, Mart Stam, Rudolf Steiger, Henri- Robert of Mühll and Juan de Zavala.
Later members were Alvar Aalto, Ernesto N. Rogers, Sverre Fehn, Cornelis van Eesteren and Max Bill.
Importance
The urban models of CIAM Urbanism understand less as the further development of historic towns, rather than comprehensive, rationalistic planned new building. The city shall be divided according to functional areas such as housing, work, recreation and transport. Older cities are accordingly to disentangle in their functions. The members of the CIAM criticized the academic design principles, in particular the Beaux -Arts architecture, and architecture and urban planning of historicism. They are committed to the modernist architectural movements such as the New Building or New Objectivity.
The program of the founding conference, Le Corbusier. Karl Moser led the first chair. The various groups of countries of the European states were by delegates of the CIRPAC - represented " Comité International pour la RÃ © alisation of Problèmes d'Architecture Contemporaine ".
The founding declaration of CIAM I in the summer of 1928 included the following key messages:
- Building is a fundamental activity of human
- Architecture should express the spirit of an era
- The transformation of the social and economic structure requires a corresponding transformation of the architecture
- Architecture has an economic and sociological task of serving people
From the Conference of 1933 the CIAM Athens Charter for the urban development of the future developed. The CIAM had a lasting effect. The last organized by Team X Congress of CIAM in Otterloo in 1959 is also regarded as the birth of the " structuralist thinking" in architecture and urban planning ( structuralism ).
Since the 1970s, the urban doctrine of CIAM was increasingly criticized by representatives of a contextual building, which by itself propagated (eg, Aldo Rossi, Josef Paul Kleihues ). Renewal and development of the historic city