Crambe
Real sea kale ( Crambe maritima L.)
Sea kale ( Crambe ) is a plant genus of the family (Brassicaceae ). There is a total of about 34 species of 20 known species, of which about 10 species in Europe are native. Some species such as the Real seakale play as wild and as crops for food a role that crambe is used as a renewable raw material, especially as oil plant for industrial oils and waxes.
Description
The ocean carbon species are perennial plants that grow from a deep projecting into the ground taproot. They have small white flowers with four petals, typical of the cruciferous cruciferous. The two-tier pods each containing a spherical seeds.
Occurrence
The distribution of sea of cabbage is in Eurasia, Africa and the Macaronesian Islands. Thus we find the real ocean carbon to the sea shores of the Atlantic in Western Europe, on the coast of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The Giant Gypsophila is native to northern Caucasus, but has been grown as a forage crop in many parts of Russia and Ukraine and is today spread to Siberia. Crambe kotschyana lives in Central Asia, the north-western Himalayas and northern Iran and is cultivated in Uzbekistan. The Tatar Sea Kale is a wild plant of the steppe areas of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe and in the West - distributed to the Czech Republic, Austria and Italy, and in the east to Siberia - as post-glacial cold steppe relict. An endemic species of the Canary Islands is the thin one sea kale ( Crambe strigosa ).
The crambe can be found in Africa. Their original distribution area is located in the highlands of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and on the African and Asia Minor Mediterranean coast to Turkey. Since the 1930s and especially after World War II, the plant is widespread as a cultivated plant in Russia and Eastern Europe. Today it is also grown in smaller stocks in several European countries and large-scale also in the drier areas of the United States of America.
System
The genus Crambe contains about 34 species, of which about ten species are native in Europe:
- Crambe aculeolata ( N.Busch ) Czerniak.
- Crambe amabilis Butkov & Majlun
- Crambe arborea Webb ex H.Christ
- Crambe armena N.Busch
- Crambe aspera M.Bieb.
- Giant Gypsophila ( Crambe cordifolia Steven )
- Crambe cretacea Czerniak.
- Crambe edentula fish. & C.A.Mey.
- Crambe feuilleei A.Santos
- Crambe filiformis Jacq.
- Crambe fruticosa L. F.
- Crambe gomeraea Webb ex H.Christ
- Crambe gordjaginii Sprygin & Popov
- Crambe grandiflora DC.
- Crambe grossheimii I.Khalilov
- Crambe hedgei I.Khalilov
- Spanish sea kale ( Crambe hispanica L.) with the subspecies: Crambe ( Crambe hispanica subsp abyssinica ( Hochst. REFr ) A.Prina ex, Syn: .. Crambe abyssinica Hochst ex REFr. . )
Use
With the exception of crambe, which is toxic due to their high content of erucic acid, all with ocean carbon species are used as food or fodder crops. Here, the real ocean carbon also plays a role in the human diet, and is cooked as a vegetable. C. kotschyana and the Giant Gypsophila be used as fodder plants, which mainly play the highly starchy taproot and rhizomes an important role. The Tatar wild cabbage was never cultivated, but probably played a role in ancient times as a wild vegetables.
The crambe is used exclusively as an oil plant because the ingredients for humans and agricultural animals are inedible to poisonous. It takes place mainly use in the manufacture of foam brakemen in detergents (emulsifiers ), industrial oils and Gleitfetten. Other areas of use are in the manufacture of synthetic fibers, alkyd resins and plasticizers, as well as in the production of pharmaceutical products. Through the use of green genetic engineering, production of wax esters for lubricants in the automotive industry also should be possible.