Daedalea quercina
Oak random Ling ( Daedalea quercina )
The Oak random Ling ( Daedalea quercina, syn. Trametes quercina ) is also called Oak Tramete and is a species of fungus in the family tree sponge relatives ( Fomitopsidaceae ). He is the type species of the random pieces ( Daedalea ) and at the same time the only species of this genus in Europe. Typical of the fungus is the rough, lamellig labyrinthine underside of the fruiting body. The Latin Artattribut ( epithet ) quercina refers to its main host, the oak (Quercus ), grows in the heartwood of brown-rot fungi. The Latin genus name is an allusion to Greek mythology. Daedalus ( Daidalos gr ) was the architect who built the labyrinth for the Minotaur.
The fungus is found almost in Europe, Asia, North America, North Africa and Australia. The corky hard-fleshed mushroom is inedible. From him but some pharmacologically exploitable ingredients could be isolated.
- 5.1 forms
Features
Macroscopic characteristics
The Oak random Ling is relatively thick, corbelled- out to fan-shaped fruiting bodies, which are usually grown over a wide area with its host. The individual hats are about 5-20 cm long, 4-10 cm wide and 2-4 cm thick. They usually sit groups or rows on the trunk or branches of rotten oak trees. The hat surface is often pale wood- brown to gray- brown in color and thick and also uneven wrinkly - bumpy. Sometimes, the top is zoned more or less concentric. The console edge is quite sharp. The Cap flesh or trama is thin and leathery - up cocoa color and has a tough korkartiger consistency. The lower " porous layer ", known scientifically as hymenophore is whitish to brownish colored and is initially designed to be porous. But as soon as the fruit body matures, break out some pore walls to form the chamber-like slots and blunt ribs. This leads to the characteristic lamellig to labyrinthine ( daedaloiden ) appearance. At the edge zone is often found even circular pores. The thick, coarse pores chambers are 10-30 mm long. The porous layer can not be separated from Cap flesh. The smell of the fruit body is insignificant and the little taste characteristic. The multi-annual fruiting bodies can be found all year round.
Microscopic characteristics
The spore powder of Oak random blank is white. The elongated elliptical basidiospores measure 5-7 × 2-4 microns and are smooth and inamyloid. The spores have a bent appendix. The appendix is a small appendage, with the spore was attached to the sterigma the basidium. Cystidia absent, but thick-walled, spindle-shaped Pseudozystiden occur. These are Skeletthyphen, sometimes protrude from the fruit layer ( hymenium ).
The Trama or pulp is trimitisch, ie it is composed of three different Hyphentypen. The generative hyphae are thin and hyaline and have septa and buckles. The binding hyphae are pale yellow brown and tortuous and branched short and the Skeletthyphen are light ocher brown and thick-walled.
Artabgrenzung
The Oak random Ling is quite easy to recognize by its coarse scale, lamellig - labyrinthine Hymenophors. As hymenophore is called the forming structure that carries the actual fruit layer, ie the tubes, sting and blades of the fruiting body. In other species with labyrinthine or daedoloidem hymenophore, this is fine. In addition, you will find the fungus in Central Europe almost exclusively on oaks. Most likely you can the fruit body with the reddening Tramete confused, but this has a finer blades maze and turns reddish in pressure.
Ecology
The Oak random Ling grows in Central Europe almost exclusively on species of oak, sometimes he can be on sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), poplar (Populus spp.) Or find black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). In America, the fungus is in addition to oaks, and at the American beech ( Fagus grandifola ), the White Ash ( Fraxina americana ), at the Black Walnut ( Juglans nigra ) and the American Elm (Ulmus americana) ago.
The Oak random Ling occurs in all domestic oak and oak -beech mixed forests. Less frequently it is found in gardens or parks. Also on wooden constructions it can grow. The fungus is a typical Saprobiont which produces predominantly at unberindeten stumps, dead roots and root necks blight. He comes to lying on the wood floor as before, as of old, still living trees, when the fungus was able to penetrate after the bark has been injured in any way. He then develops mostly undetected in the heartwood, and is usually not discovered until the first fruiting bodies appear. He is mean to go as a wound parasite, but this is not strictly true, since the fungus infects any living tissue.
Dissemination
The Oak random Ling is spread almost worldwide. In the Holarctic he is meridional spread to temperat. It occurs in large parts of Asia, from Asia Minor, the Caucasus and southern Siberia, and Central Asia, Iran and India to China. In addition, it is found North America (Canada, USA, Mexico) and North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia). In Australia it has been demonstrated. In Europe, the oak random Ling occurs in almost all countries, with its range matches that of the oak. The 60th degree of latitude is approximately the northern border. In Greece and Turkey, where the fungus occurs over the range of the oak addition, the fungus is probably mainly bound chestnuts.
In Germany the Oak random Ling is widely used by the offshore North Sea and the Baltic islands to the Alps and almost frequently everywhere. Only in the higher southern Germany coniferous forest areas, the species is rare. In Germany and Austria the Oak random Ling is one of the most common fungal species that is missing as well as in no oak or mixed oak forest.
System
Molding
- Daedalea quercina f trametea ( Bourdot & Galzin ) Bondartsev
Importance
While the mushrooms are inedible because of the corky consistency of the pulp, the fungus has been used in many different ways. A rather unusual use possibility was the use of the fungus as a comb. The fruiting bodies were used in this way in order to groom horses with sensitive, delicate skin. Another field was beekeeping. Gilbertson mentioned in his book that smoldering in England fruiting bodies are used as incense to calm bees.
Another possible use is far more advanced the biodegradation of industrial wastes. Investigations showed that the lignin degrading enzyme laccase that was isolated from the fungus is able to degrade a wide range of toxic dyes and aromatic compounds.
In addition, the fungus could also have a pharmacological importance because it contains Quercinol and his Spiegelbildisomer ( enantiomer) Daedalin A. Both are chromene or benzopyran derivatives. The product isolated from the oak random Ling Quercinol has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the enzymes cyclooxygenase -2, xanthine oxidase and horseradish peroxidase.