Dental notation
A dental chart is a method in dentistry, are clearly identified to a tooth in its position in the jaw and in the dental arch. International is primarily the dental chart of the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI ) for dental names are in use. In addition, the American dental chart in the U.S. and uses the Palmer - tooth scheme in the UK. Furthermore, the dental schemes are historically linked to ZSIGMONDY and Haderup important.
- 2.1 Application
- 2.2 OMS system
Purpose
Dental schemes are used both for documentation of findings, and treatment planning, to create a treatment and cost plan, as used for oral epidemiological studies. They also serve the communication between doctors, dentists, dental assistants, dental technicians, health insurance and private health insurance. They are also used in international communication, such as in forensic investigations.
As elsewhere in medicine are all schemes page names from the patient's point of view is based, that is, seen from the patient right side is referred to as the right. Recorded However, as the patient confronting therapist perceives this, so from the perspective of the patient reversed: The teeth of the right side of the face are left, recorded the left to the right.
Clinical findings
In the dental chart, the dentist holds the findings of the dentition at the screening. This primarily involves the registration of missing, decayed, broken, crowned, bridged and replaced teeth, existing implants, impacted and extracting teeth. In expanded findings schemes also periodontal and orthodontic findings are documented. The entries are made with abbreviations, usually with the first letter of the findings, for example, "f" for a missing tooth, "e" for a replaced tooth. These shortcuts can be entered at the respective tooth designation. In large scale done with these Reports within epidemiological and scientific studies. The recording of the findings is one of the documentation requirements of the dentist in accordance with § 630fVorlage: § / Maintenance / buzer BGB.
Examples of diagnostic findings in the dental chart:
- F = missing
- Z = destroyed
- C = carious
- X = extraction worthy
- E = replaced
- K = crown
- B = bridging member
- I = implant
For other names see location and direction labels on the teeth
Treatment planning
Dental schemes are also used for treatment planning. In order to distinguish between findings and plans, findings in lowercase, treatment plans are entered in uppercase. The following entry in the FDI scheme shows in the left upper jaw the finding that missing tooth 26 ( f) and the teeth 25 and 27 are carious (c). Therefore, the plan provides a bridge before: the teeth 25 and 27 are provided with a crown (K ), the missing tooth 26 is bridged by a bridging member (B).
K B K (Planning)
C f c ( finding)
25 26 27 (tooth designation)
FDI scheme
The FDI scheme, according to the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI ), the Dental World Association designates who has adopted an internationally valid odontogram in 1970 at its annual meeting in Bucharest this recommended by the Berlin professor Joachim Viohl odontogram by absolute majority. It has since been used by the WHO. It is also known as the ISO 3950 notation. Other sources mention Theilman as author, is said to have developed it in 1932. The dental formula was used at the Free University of Berlin since 1960. It is also called two- digit system.
In the FDI scheme, the quadrant digits of the code number of the tooth will be placed in front. The quadrants are numbered from the patient's perspective counterclockwise. The teeth are in each case numbered from the middle to the rear. This gives the upper right canine, the figures "13". "1" represents the upper right quadrant, the "3" calculated for the third tooth from the center. The lower left first premolar is replaced accordingly, the figures " 34 ". The appointment shall be made right-left from the patient's perspective. The scheme is, however, written from the perspective of the dentist. Therefore, the R in the schema on the left side, the L on the right.
Since it is a two-digit identifier and not a two-digit number, the digits are for guidance only and it formed no number; So it is called " one-three " and " three - four ", not " thirteen " and " thirty-four ".
The milk teeth quadrants are numbered accordingly from 5 to 8, so that the upper left lateral incisor, the figures " 62 " shall be, and the lower right second deciduous molar ratios, the "85".
Dental model with FDI odontogram mandible
Dentition with FDI odontogram
Maxillary right maxilla left 1 2 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 | 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 R ------------------------------------------------- - L 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 | 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Mandibular right 4 lower left 3 Maxillary right 5 Upper Left 6 55 54 53 52 51 | 61 62 63 64 65 R --------------------------------- L 85 84 83 82 81 | 71 72 73 74 75 Mandibular right 8 mandibular left 7 I - incisors ( front teeth ) C - Canini ( Canines ) P - bicuspids ( premolars ) M - molars ( molars ) application
For the FDI scheme, there is stamp or sticker with which the scheme is entered into the patient record card to record the dental findings there. In other tabs the FDI scheme has already been printed. In 1979, Siemens presented a computer program for practice administration called Sirodata. For this purpose, a new keyboard was developed that had two additional rows of keys with the toothed information of the FDI scheme for simplified electronic feature recording via the usual buttons.
OMS system
1981 An attempt was made to distinguish the FDI tooth scheme, the teeth become more apparent upon the quadrant. In this developed OMS scheme, the tooth numbers of the FDI tooth scheme have been extended to a point between the digits, ie 1.1 or 4.5 instead of 11 instead of 45 to the separate debate - as mentioned above - to emphasize.
Odontogram after ZSIGMONDY
This dental scheme was developed in 1861 by Adolph ZSIGMONDY. It is also called Old German system bezeichnet.Referenzfehler: It is missing a closing < / ref >. The deciduous teeth in each quadrant are referred to from the center towards the rear with the letters A through E. They went on after him called Palmer notation is preferred by students and dentists in the UK. However, orthodontists and oral surgeons in the U.S. prefer to use the Palmer notation.
Maxillary right maxillary left 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ---------------------------------------- R L 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mandibular right mandibular left Maxillary right maxillary left E D C B A | A B C D E R --------------------------- L E D C B A | A B C D E Mandibular right mandibular left Odontogram after Haderup
In odontogram by Victor Haderup who had developed it in 1891, the teeth are associated with a plus sign in the upper jaw and a minus sign in the mandible their quadrants. It is also called the Scandinavian system. The plus and minus signs are respectively arranged toward the centerline, i.e., they are adjusted in the first and fourth quadrant of the figure, preceded by the second and the third. This gives the upper right canine marking " 3 ", the lower left first premolar, the label " -4". Spoken is also " top three right " or " left bottom four ."
In the deciduous teeth the number is a "0 " prefix, so that the upper left lateral incisor is labeled " 02 " receives, the lower right second deciduous molar is labeled " 05 - ".
Maxillary right maxillary left 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 R ------------------------------------------------- - L 8-7 - 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 - | -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 Mandibular right mandibular left Maxillary right maxillary left 05 04 03 02 01 | 01 02 03 04 05 ------------------------------------------- R L 05 - 04/03/02 - 01 - | -01 -02 -03 -04 -05 Mandibular right mandibular left The American Dental Scheme
In the American Dental Scheme ( Universal Numbering System), the teeth are numbered starting at the upper right wisdom tooth and ending at the lower right wisdom tooth clockwise from 1 to 32. It is still preferably used in the USA. An indication of the quadrants is not necessary. This gives the upper right canine, the ratio " 6", the lower left first premolar, the figure "21". These dental scheme was developed in 1883 by the British George Cunningham.
The milk teeth are from top right clockwise beginning with the letters " A" through "T " means, so that the upper left lateral incisor, the label " G" is obtained analogously, the lower right second deciduous molar is labeled " T". Alternatively, the milk teeth are also numbered and as a distinctive feature a subsequent "d". The right upper deciduous molar thus receives either the label " A" or " 1d "
In the American dental chart teeth are so noted that the right-most tooth from the patient's perspective is listed in the schema also right. The right of patients from upper wisdom tooth is entered in the schema therefore the top right.
A disadvantage of this tooth numbering is for those who are accustomed to drilling at the FDI tooth scheme that can not be seen " first glance " to which type of tooth it is: for example, has in the permanent dentition, the upper left second premolar, the last digit " 3", the lower left second premolar, the last digit "0". For all other schemes for both teeth is considered the last digit "5". One knows immediately that this is the second premolars in both teeth. In everyday practice they are called in German-speaking shortened " 5 Series ". This creates a likelihood of confusion to generally accepted in Europe FDI scheme dar. So called a dentist who uses the American system, the second molar of the left upper jaw half with " 15" ( fifteen - fifteen). A dentist who uses the FDI scheme, reads the name by FDI as the fifth tooth of the first quadrant. This applies to all of the teeth which have been referred to two digits (except 10, 19, 20, 29 and 30) according to the American scheme.
The use, however, is not uniform, so that a notation is used, in which the teeth are recorded reversed:
Maxillary right maxillary left 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 R ------------------------------------------------- - L 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 | 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 Mandibular right mandibular left Maxillary right maxillary left A B C D E | F G H I J R ----------------------- L T S R Q P | O N M L K Mandibular right mandibular left Toothless jaw
In the edentulous jaw and the jaw regions are named after those teeth, which should be available in each edentulous jaw section. If there is no example of tooth 45 (due to agenesis or after extraction) and should be replaced, for example by an implant or a bridge member or a partial denture of the missing tooth, the edentulous area is designated as 45. Even the replaced teeth subsequently obtained the same designation as the permanent teeth.
Vernacular
In technical jargon, it is also common to use the following designations: 1st, 2nd, 3rd ... of 8. So for example: " the upper left of 2 ", " the lower 3 ", " the 8 " in deciduous teeth: " the upper milk - 5er ".
Hyperdontie
In a Hyperdontie ( tooth number ) counting (except in the American Dental Scheme ) are consistently in the respective system. In the FDI scheme, for example, is called a ( supernumerary ) tooth behind the upper right wisdom tooth that has the name 18, consequently, tooth 19