Desegregation

The term integration is derived from the Latin integratio (renewal) and in sociology means the formation

• A Wertgemeinsamkeit with an inclusion of groups, the first, or more recently represented other value systems, or
• A living and working community with a inclusion of people excluded for various reasons from this ( excludes ) were and partially summarized in special communities.

Integration cancels the state of exclusion, and the separation. Integration describes a dynamic, long -lasting and highly differentiated process of assembling and growing together. Antonym this is disintegration.

Absolute and relational integration

According to Jürgen Friedrichs, one can distinguish between relational and absolute integration. Relational integration thus refers to a single element and how it is integrated into a larger unit. Absolute integration on the other hand refers to the parent unit and can be regarded as a measure of the overall cohesion of all the units to each other.

Social integration and system integration

After David Lockwood it makes a difference whether one speaks of the integration of individuals and groups in society or the social integration of individual subsystems. The cohesion of societal subsystems (eg the economic system, legal system, etc.) is called Lockwood system integration. The integration of individuals into society is described by him as a social integration.

Classical approaches to integration in sociology

Numerous sociological classics have dealt extensively with issues of social integration. Especially the early theorists of sociology ( Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tönnies ) describe the transformation of society, more as a change of each mode of social integration. In early tribal societies of social cohesion in limited and small communities by kinship and similarity (homogeneity ) was prepared. Durkheim called this form of social integration Mechanical solidarity. The type of society that is based on that mechanical solidarity was called by Spencer militant society that is primarily aimed at the protection at low internal differentiation toward the outside. For Tönnies, this is the community, which he defines in his major work, community and society by society.

Through a process of differentiation, the company changed from the homogeneous tribal society is in course of time a heterogeneous, functionally differentiated society. While in small homogeneous groups of similarity and kinship have been sufficient to ensure the social integration, complex mass societies require a different mode of integration. Durkheim calls this form of organic solidarity. Spencer turn now speaks of the industrial society and Tönnies by the Company. All three mean - if there are differences in detail - roughly a form of integration, which is anonymous and is based on mutual functional dependence. For Simmel, this form of integration is symbolized in the modern metropolis as opposed to rural, rural life.

Integration of people with a migration background

The process of integration of people with a migration background consists of rapprochement, mutual confrontation, communication, finding common ground, detection of differences and the assumption of joint responsibility between immigrants and the majority population present. In contrast to assimilation ( total adjustment ), integration does not require the abandonment of one's own cultural identity. The process of integration in Germany receives its momentum from both various initiatives of individuals and organizations ( Free Welfare, migrant organizations ) as well as by the state ( national integration plan, the Federal Advisory Council for Integration).

Requirements for people with a migration background

The possibility of participation in the social life of the host society is the acquisition of specific knowledge, skills, attitudes and willingness to enter into a broad new socialization and reorganization of the personality ahead. Central here is learning the new language and a certain communication ability and willingness towards the host society.

In multi-ethnic and multicultural societies can be a form of integration occur, which allows immigrants to maintain the cultural identities of their societies of origin. In that case, the phenomenon of increasing " integration to inside" occur under which ethnic minorities can build enclaves and cultural public with its own language and its own market of services and cultural activities. If this is the case, formulate such parallel societies with the socio- cultural requirements for newly arriving migrants.

Requirements of the host society

Processes of social integration of people with a migration background are characterized by the openness of the host society towards immigrants and their children. If an integration of people with migrant background succeed, it is necessary to create conditions for participation in Community goods and activities, especially made ​​available to the labor market and the housing market. A safe workplace provides a steady income, social prestige, self-realization and social relationships. To prevent the formation of parallel societies urban enclaves must be excluded, for example, by uniform distribution in the allocation of public housing and appropriate physical measures, already involves the integration of immigrants in urban planning.

Indispensable is also to ensure equitable access to educational and training institutions, which accelerates the integration. As schools or classes with a high proportion of migrant children lead to social segregation and prevent the formation following the majority society, must be given to how such high rates can be prevented (eg through a change in the classification of school districts ).

Another object of the host society is to outlaw xenophobia, prejudice, discrimination and racism and punish. This can be achieved, for example, in schools and by integrating projects by opinion-forming processes from civil society itself, but also by judicial authorities (judiciary, police ), education campaigns.

The political concept which deals with the breakdown of cultural barriers - is presented employs the term Interkultur - even away from the immigration policy group.

Integration in Germany

By enshrined in the Basic Law basic rights of every human being has the right to their own opinion, freedom of religion and freedom of conscience. Apart from the acquisition of the German language, which forms the basic prerequisite for participation, is the consideration of the basic rights of others is very important. The extent to which particular personal beliefs (eg, democracy, gender relations ) whose freedom is precisely guaranteed by the Basic Law, have to adapt to values ​​of the majority society, is the subject of intense political debate in Germany.

A high priority for the integration of people with a migration background takes the naturalization. The legislature believes that adoption of the German nationality not only the justification of legal membership in the German state associated with civic participation rights, but also a commitment to the German legal and cultural community. The legislator claimed to be able to the cultural identity of foreigners, thereby protecting the assessment of the legal relationships that the legal system of the State, which it " at the time of the facts, belong ," by German authorities and courts consideration is (→ Private International Law ).

Integration of people with disabilities

( See also: Participation ( disabled people ) )

Georg feuser defined integration as "the joint activity (play / learning / working ) on the same subject / product in cooperation of people with and without disabilities ." Integrated are therefore people with disabilities when they are involved in communication and working communities.

In the case of targeted integration differents apply to people with disabilities reduced requirements or special conditions. In the case of targeted people with disabilities receive the same integration disadvantage compensations (eg in the form of extended processing times for exams for people with visual impairment ) to enable them to achieve the common goal successfully. In the case of targeted integration are the same limits to the promotion Weaker, hence the inclusion fluid.

Provisions relating to people with severe disabilities, especially in the Ninth Book of the Social Code (SGB IX), regulate the integration of people with disabilities into the workforce. The SHE representative in establishments for example, has the right to require the completion of an integration agreement, the operating line should be flush with the SHE representatives and works council or the Staff. These regulations relate to, among other things, personnel planning, job design, work organization and the design of the working environment. Further provisions relating to targeted employment and training of disabled young people can be made.