Directorial system
- Presidential system of government
- Semipräsidentielles system of government
- Parliamentary system of government
- Parliament bound executive power
- Party system
- Parliamentary monarchy
- Constitutional monarchy
- Absolute monarchy
- Overthrown constitutional government (de facto mostly military dictatorships )
- Other systems or unclear political situations
The Direktorialsystem is an organizational form of leadership in the political context and at the same time a system of government. Alternatively designation are for the latter Direktoriales system of government or directorial.
Theoretical concept of organization
Hallmarks that a member of the authority (eg a company) has special rights in decision making and can lead to decisions with a single decision right, with a right to decide against a qualified majority or with a right to decide against a simple majority.
When Direktorialsystem full powers of decision and therefore the responsibility lies in one hand. The subsidiary bodies have little discretion. The guide is tight and uniform.
Scientific policy term
Building on the organizational idea, the term has naturalized in political science as a system of government in which the government is ideally chosen as a collegial body of the executive by Parliament or National Assembly and this is not dependent, ie can not be overthrown by a vote of no confidence. In general, the government will also take over the duties of head of state. The Chairman of the Board has a special status and is often de facto head of state. The following administrative authorities are bound by the decisions of the Board. In reality, the Boards were often but not elected by a democratic parliament, but appointed or they have used autonomously.
Empirical examples
An example of the Direktorialsystem is the rule of the Jacobins at the time of the French Revolution.
Also after the Defenestration of Prague installed by the opposition Protestant estates of Bohemia system was a Direktorialsystem.
The Helvetic Directory was from 1798 to 1803 the executive in the Helvetic Republic ( Switzerland ).
Today Switzerland
The unique system of government of Switzerland is also referred to in today's political science based on the historical models as Direktorialsystem. Think of the Federal Council, the Board represents the Swiss concordance democracy is characterized by the fact that neither a prime minister nor the government as a whole, but the individual members of government are elected by the Parliament for a unofficial, based on the party strength key, the so-called magic formula. The government can not be overthrown by vote of no confidence. There is no de jure head of government; elected for one year president has only ceremonial duties and is a primus inter pares, so the other members of the Bundesrat largely assimilated.