Doctor of law

Doctor of Laws, rare doctor of law or Doctor of Jurisprudence (s), awarded the academic degree of doctor in the field of jurisprudence. The abbreviation is Dr. iur. ( Latin for Doctor iuris or Doctor iurisprudentiae ) or Dr. jur.

The definition and awarding

The plural form refers to the medieval understanding of two separate legal matters, the secular (civil ) law and the canonical church law. If the candidate has also provided benefits in canon law, so give a few faculties the degree of Doctor of Laws, abbreviation Dr. iur. utr. (Doctor iuris utriusque ) or JVD ( Juris Doctor Utriusque ). Bearers of this degree are Alessandro Verde, Cajetan of Thiene, Sebastian Brant, Thomas Murner, Nicholas of Prüm, Mario Francesco Pompedda, Luigi Poggi, Maximilian of Saxony, Józef Glemp, Salvatore Pappalardo, Günter crowbar, Peter Wichert, Oskar von Bülow, Andreas Burckhardt, John Harpprecht, Beate Merk, Thomas Bach and an honorary doctorate from the women's rights activist Camilla Jellinek.

In the field of canon law, the degree Doctor of Canon Law is awarded, Latin Doctor iuris Canonici ( Dr. iur. Can. ), Juris Canonici Doctor ( JCD ) or Doctor of Canon Law ( ICD), English Doctor of Canon Law (DCL, D.Cnl. , DDC, D.Can.L. ) ​​.

Some doctoral degrees in law from other states are not considered equivalent to a doctoral degree in Germany and Austria. In some States about legal doctoral degrees are awarded as a professional doctorates, which are purchased as graduation and not due to a scientific doctoral work, such as the Juris Doctor ( JD) in the USA. Here then there are usually further research doctorates such as the Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of the Science of Law ( JSD or SJD ). In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, however, exist in the field of law on the one hand the so-called small doctoral degrees JUDr. and ICDR. and comparable with the German doctor Ph.D. or PhD.

Germany

In Germany, the requirements depend on the acquisition of a doctoral degree after the PhD programs of each faculty. The Doctor of Laws and Doctor of Juridical Science is conferred by law schools. The same applies to the academic degree of Doctor of Law. utr. , which however is awarded only by the law faculties of the universities of Cologne, Würzburg and, since 2004, Potsdam. The Universities of Erlangen -Nuremberg and Heidelberg no longer confer the degree.

In the field of canon law, the student must have completed a degree in canon law with the degree of licentiate in canon law ( Lic. Can. ). This implies, in turn, requires a previous degree in theology or jurisprudence. He is currently awarded in Germany only on Klaus- Morsdorf Institute of Canon Law in Munich.

Condition with 1st State Examination / First test

In the jurisprudence of the First State Examination, a doctoral student must have passed a rule, often with a minimum score (usually fully satisfactory). In addition to taking special courses ( eg Basic seminars ), or evidence of special skills may be required (eg knowledge of Latin ).

Condition without first state exam / first test

University and college graduates with the degree Master of Laws LL.M. and (Latin Legum Magister) may be eligible for promotion under certain conditions also. Because colleges do not have a right to confer doctorates, college graduates need to apply to a law school to acceptance as a doctoral student, so that their Promotionsordnungen the ( sometimes very restrictive ) specify conditions under which college graduates are admitted. The conditions under which the graduates of legal or economic legal Master programs will be admitted to a doctoral program are presently normally not very restrictive. In part, see the doctoral regulations of a Doctorate in Law. but only for prior graduates who have attained in all areas of law knowledge, so comprehensive substantive basic knowledge in the three areas of law civil law, criminal law and public law and legal methods; for graduates in law with a focus on economics remains the possibility, Dr. rer. pol. to graduate ( for example in the Department of Economics of the University of Kassel, § 1 para 1 Bes_BestFB07 ).

Promotion services

The doctoral work itself consists of an essay, dissertation, which will be published and an independent scientific work, and an oral examination. This test can be configured as a viva voce or defense work ( disputation ). If the degree of Doctor of Laws ( Dr. iur. Utr. ) Be purchased as an additional canonical church or legal-historical examination is required.

Is the promotion adopted and published, the student gets the - often written in Latin - Doctor diploma handed and thus acquired the right to conduct doctoral degrees.

Austria

In Austria, the normal course duration is for the acquisition of Dr. iur. currently often two to four semesters. Under the new law, after the implementation of the Bologna process, at least six semesters are provided, and the universities can now choose whether to continue giving the traditional degree Doctor iuris or the " international " sounding degree Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) for the Doctoral Program. In addition to the dissertation courses (especially seminars) and doctoral examinations are provided. For admission to the study completed a law degree studies ( Mag iur. ) Or an equivalent national or foreign university or college degree are required.