Dunedin

Island

• Chalmers
• Waikouaiti Coast
• Otago Peninsula
• Saddle Hill
• Mosgiel - Taieri
• Strath TaieriVorlage: Infobox location / Maintenance / Note

Dunedin ( [ dəni dɨn ː ]; into Maori: Ōtepoti ) is the second largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the capital of the Otago region. The name Dunedin is the anglicized form of the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh Dùn eideann, meaning fortress on the hill slope. Dunedin is a station of the Southern Scenic Route.

• 3.1 Early Settlements
• 3.2 European colonization
• 3.3 Town foundation
• 3.4 At one time richest city in New Zealand
• 3.5 presence

General information on city

As terms of population eighth-largest city in the country to Dunedin joins as the fourth most important cultural city in New Zealand behind Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Dunedin was once the largest and richest city in the country, home of the first university in New Zealand and brought out the first daily newspaper published, the Otago Daily Times. Historically, Dunedin one of the most interesting places in New Zealand.

Dunedin annually hosts up to 23,000 students of all educational institutions, what the zweitsüdlichsten major city in the world gives a lively, bustling atmosphere and a very active cultural scene. Dunedin is next to Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch one of pop music centers in the country. The known Kiwi bands The Clean ( 1978), The Chills (1980 ), Sneaky Feelings (1980 ), Straitjacket Fits (1986 ), Look Blue Go Purple (1983 ) and Jean -Paul Sartre Experience ( 1986) sprang all the student scene Dunedin.

Dunedin is also known as a center of ecotourism. As worth seeing is true the only continental Königsalbatroskolonie the world, on the Dunedin upstream Peninsula Otago Peninsula. The Royal Albatross ( scientifically: Diomedea epomophora, in English: Royal Albatross, on Maori: Toroa ) reach a wingspan of up to three meters, which gives the bird while gliding through the air something majestic.

Other attractions of the city are the fur seal and penguin colonies, among which one of the rare yellow-eyed penguin ( scientific: Megadyptes antipodes, in English: Yellow-eyed Penguin, on Maori: Hoiho ) is located. With only 4500 animals counted total population of these animals are considered to be threatened with extinction.

Under the category " Funny " is Dunedin like to Baldwin Street, when - according to the Guinness Book of Records - the steepest street in the world on display. Since asphalt would slip off because of the steep slope (ratio 1:2,86 or 35%), the road was paved with concrete slabs. Once a year, in February, the Baldwin Street Gutbuster race, makes around 1,000 mostly young competitors for great fun.

Geography

Geographical location

With an area of ​​3341 km ² Dunedin is the largest city district of New Zealand and is in the north of the Waitaki District, bounded on the west by the Central Otago District, in the south of the Clutha District and on the east by the South Pacific Ocean.

Framed by a range of hills, the city itself is directly on the Pacific Ocean and on the Otago Harbour, a bay which is enclosed by the Otago Peninsula. Other places in the city district include Mosgiel, Portobello and Middlemarch.

Geology

Inserted in the eroded lava bed of an ancient volcano, the city of Dunedin is surrounded by rich volcanic sequence, sedimentary and metamorphic rock types. The center, located at the south end of the Otago Harbour, located on a sand bank, the Otago Peninsula finally let be the peninsula. The core of the crater was located in the area of Port Chalmers. The former lava flow poured out in the longitudinal direction on both sides of today's Otago Harbour and molded this out. Active millions about ten to 13 years, left the volcano enough time to shape the landscape by erosion gentle and make it habitable.

Climate

The climate of Dunedin applies as for the entire Otago Coast, as moderate; in summer mild and not too hot in the winter too mild and not too cold. The embossed from the Pacific oceanic climate with the protective hills around can flourish even some hardy flowers in winter. Considerable frost and snowfall is rare. For the thermometer climbs in summer as compensation extremely rare on the 30 - degree mark.

Dunedin is also known for its microclimate. Not infrequently, the weather differs from district to district. Due to the topology, wind direction, rainfall and sunlight are constantly changing throughout the day. Locals say that it can happen that Dunedin experienced four seasons in one day.

Dunedin listed with about 1600 sunny hours per year in comparison to other regions and cities of New Zealand relatively little sunshine, and with an average of 800mm annual rainfall and relatively little rain. Nevertheless, the reputation of being too wet and too cold arose. This may be due to the prevailing south-west wind direction or colder in mind that rain in a number of days occur more frequently than in other regions.

The period from November to April, usually resistant to, the November and December more humid and January, February, March are somewhat drier, which the New Zealand travelers will benefit.

History

Early Settlements

Archaeologists date the first settlement of the Otago coast region around 1100 AD. There were Polynesians who explored the coastal regions and eventually settled there. They formed out own culture and called themselves Maori, resulting in the meaning of the word means as much as natural, normal or locally. When the Europeans came to New Zealand, it was in the greater of the present Dunedin considerable tensions between Maori tribes, generally between the Ngai Tahu and Ngāti Toa to. The feud between the tribes escalated in the early 19th century, which led to a significant depletion of the population. Furthermore brought diseases introduced through contact with Europeans, further losses in the population. In Otakou, a historically important Maori settlement on the Otago Peninsula, only slightly more than 100 locals were counted from the tribe of Ngai Tahu in 1848 around.

European colonization

Documented is the first visit and contact a European by Captain James Cook in the spring of 1770. He described a saddle-shaped hill, which became known as Saddle Hill, west of Dunedin, the entrance to the Bay of Otago Harbour, an exposed position of the Otago Peninsula, the he named after Sir Charles Sounders, Cape Saunders and also mentioned the abundant Seebärkolonien on the coast.

The first Europeans to set foot on the coast of Otago were ashore, then seal and whalers, about 1809 around over who came from Australia to hunt. The sealer John Boultbee documented in the 1820s as the first settlements around the Otago Harbour around. 1831 Weller brothers came from Sydney and made a whaling station in the Bay of Otago Harbour on. Even after its bankruptcy in 1841 consisted of seals and whaling still continued until about 1848. With the landing of the first Scottish settlers in 1848 can be considered as a turning point to the whaling era for organized colonization of the year.

Town foundation

In late autumn 1848 reached the first 347 Scottish settlers, led by Reverend Thomas Burns and Captain William Cargill, Port Chalmers, named after the mathematician, professor of moral philosophy and leader of the Free Church of Scotland, Thomas Chalmers. Their goal was the creation of New Edinburgh. They came with two ships, John Wickliffe and Philip Laing, fully loaded with everything you needed for the first settlement.

After the Free Church of Scotland had split because of their strict Calvinist attitude of the Church of Scotland, there was a strong urge in a new country to build something new and be able to live liberal. 1843 so left one-third of the faithful, the traditional Church of Scotland. There were Scottish emigrants who wanted to do for purely economic reasons in agriculture and animal husbandry in the " promised land " a new beginning.

Already on April 26, 1844 Frederick Tuckett landed in Deborah Bay on the Otago Harbour, with the mission of the New Zealand Company to seek an appropriate location for the settlement and town foundation. In July, he will buy from the Maori 162 acres of land, known as the Otago block. This extended from the northern tip of the Otago Peninsula to 50 miles southward to Nugget Point just past the mouth of the Clutha River. On February 23, 1846 was Charles Henry Kettle, created plans for the establishment of Port Chalmers and plans for the settlement Dunedin at the end of the bay of the Otago Harbour. The settlement could now begin.

There are few published figures on the population growth of that time. Dunedin but was the largest and most important city of the South and in 1852 the capital of the Province Otago quickly.

At one time richest city in New Zealand

It was the Australian Gabriel Read, whose discovery of gold in 1861 caused the Otago gold rush. In August already dug over 2000 prospectors in Gabriel's Gully ( Gabriel excavation ) in Otago for the precious metal. Since all gold seekers had to travel over Dunedin, Dunedin is developed abruptly to the terminal of all goods and became the warehouse manager of the gold prospectors. People came from all over the world. As prospectors were already operating in Australia, came from there also the most sought after Otago across. Over the next six years alone from Australia came over 50,000 people to make their fortune. Dunedin became the main trading center of New Zealand and arrival, departure and residence for many travelers. After a police census in August 1864 Dunedin already counted 15,790 inhabitants. The administration of the city knew how to make money from the boom, while the urban development the onslaught was not waxed self. Many people lived in a small space or even in tents. The streets and roads, waste disposal, and sanitary conditions were catastrophic. " It is a dirty, muddy city with the worst -made streets ... " ( It's a dirty, muddy city with the worst -built roads ... ), at that time was published by a visitor to Dunedin in Melbourne, Australia.

The first municipal election was held on July 22, Dunedin 1865. From 3760 eligible voters gave their votes only from 1064. Then entered on August 5, 1865 Board (Board) together for the first time. Thus, the first Dunedin City Council Dunedin was installed and could be described as the first city in New Zealand with a self-management. The first newspaper in New Zealand, the Otago Daily Times, was founded at the beginning of the Gold Rush, and appeared for the first time on 15 November 1861.

In 1869 the University of Otago, as the first university in New Zealand also founded in Dunedin. The first year program was launched in 1871 with only three professors and 81 students. As a very first university in the whole of the British Empire, women were admitted to all subjects. In September 1878, the railway line Christchurch Dunedin was first put into operation in 1880 inaugurated the Victorian- style town hall, which still exists today in a somewhat altered form.

In 1882 was the first in Dunedin Cable Car along the lines of those up from San Francisco installed to Roslyn and was the first in the southern part of the globe at all. In the same year the world's first frozen meat was transported by ship going from Port Chalmers to England. 1900, the first cars arrived in Dunedin. Most cars were American. They were bigger and had more headroom for the hats wearing men and women.

Built in 1906, the Flemish-style railway station its determination was passed. The building has been called the most photographed historic buildings in New Zealand next to the old university to the landmark Dunedin.

The time from the Gold Rush to the turn of the century were the most successful years in Dunedin. Major policy decisions led to far-reaching changes and to economic and social growth. Dunedin became the most important economic and cultural center of the country. Here, the largest New Zealand companies had their headquarters. Dunedin had become the largest and richest city in the country.

The crash came with technological change around the turn of the century to the 20th century and the lack of commitment of the economic elite. Many of the newly rich residents sat down to rest or returned to Australia or England. The economic growth of the North Island Dunedin was no longer capable at once. Also installed for the region important companies such as Fletcher Building (then: Fletcher Holdings Group ) headquarters to Auckland. With the onset of the Great Depression of 1929 Dunedin lost economically more important.

Presence

Dunedin is politically, economically and culturally, the fourth largest city in New Zealand and the capital of the Otago region. Like every big city has gained an image as Dunedin trying to be with the image the friendliest city in New Zealand, to score points. With the slogan I am Dunedin wants to produce identity and self- awareness and give a new and greater significance through a strict marketing the city.

Dunedin's oldest and most important industry is the education sector. With the University of Otago, as the city 's largest and most important employer, and the various high schools and colleges with well- paying international students, plenty of money flowing into the coffers of the city. Behind formation are forestry and agriculture on rank 2 and 3 Next in importance takes the Port Chalmers to as the newest and promising industry, the fashion industry is currently viewed. Manufacturing industrial industry, there are not a large scale. But this is what the tourism on the list of growing industries.

Despite all efforts to economically get back to Dunedin for the top places, the city is located at the average gross income of all citizens, compared to all other cities and regions, still at the lowest end of the scale.

Traffic

Dunedin has not only a port, but also has its own airport, on the other mainly domestic flights and connections are handled in Australia. In addition, the road network in the major State Highway 1 is connected (SH 1).

In the history of the New Zealand rail transport, the city had decades of central importance, but which has been a steady decline in the recent past. This is mainly due to the closure of the Otago Central Railway in 1990 and the set of efficiency, passenger transport on the Main South Line together where the Southerner wrong and so a connection to Christchurch in the north and Invercargill produced until February 2002 in the south.

The section of the old Otago Central Railway to Middlemarch now uses the Taieri Gorge Railway, which runs through the gorge of the Taieri River with numerous tunnels and viaducts, while primarily acts as a tourist attraction. On the route of the Main South Line, with the exception of the link between Dunedin and Palmerston, on the Seasider one to commute twice a week, currently only the freight moved regularly.

Culture

Dunedin is often represented as a Scottish -influenced city. If the relevant publications are to be believed, and the celebration of Scottish music, Scottish Dances and Marches look at certain occasions as an expression of the Scottish, do you ever get that impression. But at least since the Otago gold rush brought people of all nationalities and cultures to Dunedin and Otago and left her unmistakable influence. Today, Dunedin represents a cosmopolitan and multicultural city

In the 1980s created a series of pop bands from the city of the Dunedin Sound, a special form of jangle - pop in the lo-fi sound, which was spread by the New Zealand label Flying Nun Records worldwide and mainly in the North American and Western European indie scene took his followers. The most famous bands of Dunedin sounds were The Chills, The Clean, The Verlaines, The Bats, Sneaky Feelings, the, the Straitjacket Fits and the Tall Dwarfs.

Museums and Galleries

Dunedin has for a city of this size many museums and galleries. The largest and most important museum, the Otago Museum gives visitors an insight into the culture, geology and natural history of the region. In the Discovery World, which is affiliated with the Museum, Science is specially for the young generation presented impressive and made ​​tangible. Among others, hundreds of exotic butterflies from Asia and Oceania be admired close up in a tropical rain forest simulated retreat.

The Otago Settlers Museum is a regional museum of history of settlement and transportation is devoted to the time of settlement Dunedin and Otago.

The Dunedin Public Art Gallery collects both European art since the 15th century, as well as Japanese prints and works of New Zealand artist. Current exhibitions provide insight into the art scenes from overseas.

Sports

In Dunedin was held the first international match of the New Zealand national football team on 17 June 1922. Overall, the national team has played five times in Dunedin, last on 22 March 2013, Forsyth Barr Stadium in the World Cup qualifiers against New Caledonia. Dunedin is the southernmost city in the held to date a soccer match.

Attractions

Built in 1871 Larnach Castle is often referred to as the " New Zealand's only castle ." It was built by the banker and politician William Larnach for his wife.

The oldest church in Dunedin and the surrounding area is the First Church of Otago, it was consecrated in 1873. However, most tourists know only shown next to the town hall on Octagon St Paul's Cathedral. In its present form it was built in 1915-1919 after a predecessor of 1863 as had not stood and sufficiently proven weatherproof.

The Roman Catholic St. Joseph 's Cathedral in the Gothic Revival style was dedicated to a long construction period in 1886.

The Dunedin Railway Station Dunedin is the historic building, which is on every visitor program and was probably already photographed millions of times. Erected in 1906, representational, which is in the catwalk for the biggest fashion show in the region once, now houses the premises of the Taieri Gorge Railway, a restaurant, a gallery and the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame.

Cadburyworld is a Scholokadenfabrik, which can be visited and it caters mainly to children. The Speight 's Brewery operates a small museum and also provides insight into their operations so. Olveston was the home of a wealthy family from 1906 and can be visited guided tours within the framework.

On the Taiaroa Head is a breeding colony of royal albatrosses, which, like the yellow-eyed penguins and fur seals on the coast, can be visited on guided tours.

Sons and daughters of the town

• Eric Arthur (1889-1982), Canadian architect
• Robert Graham Wade (1921-2008), British chess master
• Janet Frame (1924-2004), writer
• Yvette Winifred Williams ( born 1929 ), track and field athlete and Olympic champion
• Juliet Marillier ( born 1948 ), author
• Frank Oliver (1948-2014), rugby union player and coach
• Glen Thomson (born 1973 ), cyclist
• Alison Shanks ( b. 1982 ), cyclist
• Adam Stewart (* 1987), racing cyclist

Twinning

• Scotland Edinburgh ( Scotland)
• United States Portsmouth, Virginia ( USA)
• Japan Otaru (Japan)
• People's Republic of China Shanghai ( People's Republic of China)