Eblaite language

Spoken in

  • Afro-Asiatic languages Semitic languages Ostsemitische languages Akkadian Eblaitisch

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Sem ( other Semitic languages)

XEB

The Eblaitische is an extinct Semitic language that was discovered by the excavations of the ancient city of Ebla in Epigraphiken (Tell Mardikh ) in present-day Syria.

  • 4.1 Dictionary
  • 4.2 onomastics
  • 4.3 orthography
  • 4.4 palaeography
  • 4.5 grammar
  • 4.6 Overviews

Discovery

In the ruins of the palace of Ebla were found 20,000 well-preserved cuneiform tablets. Among others, bilingual dictionaries were found in the languages ​​of Sumerian and Eblaitisch (so-called Vocabolario di Ebla ). The first notice eblaitischer instruments was achieved in 1975 by Giovanni Pettinato.

Relationship

Since most of the lyrics are written mainly in the ( Sumerian ) logograms and contain only a few Syllabogramme, it is not easy to determine the linguistic affiliation of the Eblaitischen. In its first publication in 1975 Pettinato presented the Eblaitische as a Semitic, and that special " ancient Canaanite " language, so it should be regarded more or less as a precursor of Hebrew. One of his main arguments for this was a result of two cuneiform characters, which he called Syllabogramme for ik- tub " he has written " (cf. Hebrew yixtov, Arabic yaktub ) indicated. The interpretation of this particular word was indeed later discarded. Nevertheless, it is now certain that the eblaitischen texts are to be read as a Semitic language. The exact classification within the Semitic continues to be debated. By some it is regarded as the closest relative of Akkadian, which both languages ​​would form a ostsemitische subgroup within the Semitic, or it is maintained even for a dialect of Akkadian.

Primary sources

Publication places

Since Ebla was discovered by Italian archaeologists, a large proportion of publications Eblaitischen is available in Italian. Some texts have been published twice because two competing research teams in Rome and Naples were at work. Having appeared in the first 20 years after the discovery of several conferences on Ebla took place and numerous investigations, the scientific interest has waned a bit again since the 90s. In the following journals and series, most of the text material and also many individual studies have been published for the Eblaitischen:

  • Archivi Reali di Ebla, Studi
  • Archivi Reali di Ebla, Testi
  • Eblaitica
  • Materiali di Ebla Epigrafici
  • Quaderni di Semitistica
  • Studi Eblaiti

Economic documents

With most of the eblaitischen texts are economic documents. Because of its forms- stick character, they can usually be relatively translate well. None of the texts bears a date, but there are attempts at a relative chronology based on the people mentioned in the texts.

Sumerian - Eblaitische bilinguals ( Vocabolario di Ebla )

The important bilinguals who eblaitische Translations for about 1000 Sumerian words indicate (with us but only less than half of these Sumerian words is understandable ), are published in the following work:

  • Giovanni Pettinato: Testi lessicali bilingui della biblioteca L. 2769 ( Materiali di Ebla Epigrafici 4), Napoli 1982

Literary texts

Also some literary texts have survived. The most significant of these is a hymn to the sun god Shamash, which is only partially understood.

Secondary literature

Dictionary

A monographic dictionary has not yet been released. One can alternatively use:

  • Pelio Fronzaroli: Materiali per il lessico Eblaita, 1, in: Studi Eblaiti 7, 1984, 145-190
  • Pelio Fronzaroli: The Eblaitic Lexicon: Problems and Appraisal, in: P. Fronzaroli (ed.), Studies on the Language of Ebla, Firenze 1984: 117-157

There is also a glossary of individual text output, eg Reali di Ebla to Archivi, Testi 12 and Archivi Reali di Ebla, Testi 13

Onomastics

  • A. Archi & P. Piacentini & F. Pomponio: I nomi dei testi di luogo di Ebla, Roma 1993
  • M. Bonechi: I nomi dei testi di Ebla geografici, Wiesbaden 1993
  • M. Krebernik: The personal names of the Ebla texts. An interim report, Berlin 1988
  • J. Pagan: A morphological and lexical study of personal names in the Ebla texts, Roma 1998
  • F. Pomponio: I nomi divini nei testi di Ebla, Ugarit Researches 15, 1983, 141-156
  • F. Pomponio & P. Xella: Les Dieux d' Ebla, Münster 1997

Orthography

  • Giovanni Conti: Il Sillabario della quarta fonte della lista lessicale bilingue eblaita, Firenze 1990
  • M. Krebernik: syllabary to orthography and lexical texts from Ebla, in: Journal of Assyriology 72, 1982: 178-236 and 73, 1983: 1-47

Palaeography

  • W. Sallaberger: The development of cuneiform writing in Ebla, in J.-W. Meyer et al ( Hrsgg. ) posts in Near Eastern archeology Winfried Orthmann dedicated, 2001, 436-445

Grammar

A monographic grammar has not yet been released. One can alternatively use:

  • Bruno W. W. Dombrowski: Eblaitic. A study towards the grammar of the Semitic language used in most ancient Ebla - a demonstration of the usefulness of etymology and semantics. In: Studia etymologica Cracoviensia. Vol 8 (PDF, 14.3 MB) Krakow 2003, pp. 15-81
  • D.O. Edzard: the syntax of the Ebla texts, in: P. Fronzaroli (ed.), Studies on the Language of Ebla, Firenze 1984: 101-116
  • Pelio Fronzaroli: Per una valutazione della morfologia Eblaita, in: Studi Eblaiti 5, 1982, 93-120
  • Pelio Fronzaroli: Notes sur la syntaxe éblaite, in J.-M. Durand (ed.), Amurru 1, Paris 1996: 125-134
  • I.J. Yellow: Ebla and the Kish Civilization, In: L. Cagni (ed. ), La lingua di Ebla, Napoli 1981: 9-73
  • K. Hecker: A problem of eblaitischen syntax: word order, in L. Cagni, " Ebla 1975-1985 ", 1987, 221-247
  • M.V. Tonietti: Le système de l' prépositionnel éblaite, In: P. & P. Fronzaroli Marrassini (Eds.), Proceedings of the 10th Meeting of Hamito - Semitic ( Afroasiatic ) Linguistics, Firenze 2005: 315-332

Overviews

  • John Huehnergard, Christopher Woods: Akkadian and Eblaite. In: R. Woodard (ed.): The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages ​​. Cambridge 2004. ISBN 0-521-56256-2
  • Paolo Matthiae: Aux origines de la Syrie: Ebla retrouvée. Gallimard, Paris 1996, ISBN 2-07-053350-6
  • Michael P. yield: Eblaite and Old Akkadian. In: Stefan Weninger et al. (ed. ): The Semitic Languages ​​: An International Handbook. Berlin, 2011: 340-359.

References

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  • Dead language
  • Semitic languages
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