École nationale d'administration
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The École Nationale d' Administration (ENA ) ( German about: National School of Administration) is an individual residing in Strasbourg Grande école which traditionally formed the elite of the French administration officials. It was launched on October 9, 1945 by Charles de Gaulle to life, to allow the construction of an unloaded by the Vichy past administration.
History
The establishment of the ENA was part of a program to reform the French administration, headed by the then General Secretary of the Parti Communiste français ( PCF), Maurice Thorez. The school was established in Paris, first at the address 56, rue des Saint- Pères, later, at 13, rue de l' Université. Édith Cresson continued as prime minister in the wake of the hitherto rather half-hearted decentralization efforts in 1992 against considerable resistance by that classical ENA training to Strasbourg was transferred. They moved there the former monastery of Sainte Marguerite (the original Order of St. John ). Over ten years of operation of the ENA ran at the same time from in Paris and Strasbourg before 2005, the relocation of the remaining training institutes of the ENA in Strasbourg was completed. This was accompanied by the integration of the Institut international d'administration publique ( IIAP ) in the ENA. The Parisian buildings were of Sciences Po Paris ( formerly known as Institut d' études politiques de Paris / IEP Paris) taken. Most ENA students are graduates of Sciences Po.
Admission
The ENA is shaped by the historical circumstances of its foundation, in particular by the spirit of those who - often coming from the Resistance - the reconstruction of France took over. Before 1945, there had been no central training institution for the higher French administration officials. To make the access to the ENA as fair and transparent as possible, a rigorous Concours was introduced as the approval process. 120 of about 3000 applicants annually pass the rigorous selection process. Many of the foreign students at the ENA are German, received by the German Academic Exchange Service ( DAAD) scholarship. The ENA is cooperating with several foreign universities; Cooperation partners in Germany, the Federal Academy of Public Administration ( BAköV ), the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, the University of Potsdam and the Staff College of the State of Baden- Wuerttemberg.
Training
The object of the ENA is to let the future higher administrative officials play an interdisciplinary education. The lesson lasts 27 months and is divided into a study period of 15 months and an internship period of 12 months. Internship must be completed at prefectures, diplomatic missions and international organizations. The objectives of the study phase, which consists of case studies, group and individual work,
- To deepen the knowledge of law, economics, and European and international topics
- The transfer of management techniques ( eg, the writing of legal texts, public accounting, management, leadership, negotiation techniques, languages , IT )
- To investigate the development of skill in the management sciences
Graduates
French graduates of ENA have to work in the French civil service after the completion of at least ten years. Many " Enarchen " entered service on first before the Conseil d'Etat, the Court of Auditors or in French ministries. Some committed for the diplomatic service. While entering and staying is already guaranteed in the civil service with the existence of ENA - selection process, obtaining lucrative post hangs at the beginning of the civil service largely on the Classement reached during the audit.
A large part of the French leaders have started their careers as ENA graduate. All previous Enarchen, ie graduates of the ENA, ( from its founding to 2007, approximately 5600) are in the directory " annuaire " performed together with the foreign ENA graduates. Each Graduation year chooses a name by which, for example, a particular person is honored. Later, graduates are then referred to as as members of the doctoral Nelson Mandela. The alumni associations such as the Association des anciens de l' ENA élèves ( AAEENA ) in Paris and the Society of German former ENA students eV have teamed up with other foreign ENA alumni associations to Confederation.
Among the most famous graduates include (after PhD order):
Promotion France combattante (1947 )
- François -Xavier Ortoli, former President of the European Commission
Promotion Union française (1948 )
- Claude Cheysson, former Foreign Minister and EU Commissioner
Promotion Europe ( 1951)
- Valéry Giscard d' Estaing, former President
Promotion France- Afrique (1957 )
- Édouard Balladur, former Prime Minister
- Gilbert Guillaume, former member of the International Court of Justice
Promotion 18 juin (1958 )
- Michel Rocard, former Prime Minister
Promotion Vauban (1959 )
- Jacques Chirac, former President and former Prime Minister
Promotion Alexis de Tocqueville (1960 )
- Michel Camdessus, former Director of the IMF
Promotion Stendhal (1965 )
- Lionel Jospin, former Prime
Promotion Montesquieu (1966 )
- Jean -Paul Costa, former President of the European Court of Human Rights
Promotion Marcel Proust (1967 )
- Michel Pébereau, Chairman of BNP Paribas
PhD Thomas More (1971 )
- François Leotard, former defense minister
- Jean -Claude Trichet, the ECB Director
PhD Charles de Gaulle ( 1972)
- Louis Gallois, CEO of EADS
- Alain Juppé, a former prime minister
Promotion François Rabelais (1973 )
- Laurent Fabius, former Prime Minister
Promotion Michel de L' Hospital ( 1979)
- Ronny Abraham, since 2005 a judge at the International Court of Justice
Promotion Voltaire ( 1980)
- François Hollande, President
- Ségolène Royal, former Minister, the Socialist Party candidate for the French 2007 presidential election
- Michel Sapin, Minister of Labour
- Dominique de Villepin, former Prime Minister
- Henri de Castries, Chairman of the Bilderberg Conference
Léonard de Vinci Promotion (1985 )
- Jean -François Cirelli, Chairman and CEO of GDF
Promotion Fernand Braudel (1987 )
- Pascal Lamy, Secretary-General of the WTO and former European Commissioner
Promotion Liberté égalité fraternité - (1989 )
- Jean- Francois Cope, president of the UMP
Well-known former German exchange students at the ENA are about Wolfgang Schuster, Michael Jansen, Edda Müller, Gunter Pleuger, Reinhard Schäfer, Uwe H. Schneider, Joachim bitterly and Hartmut Bäumer.
Criticism of the ENA
The ENA is highly regarded in France, their education is sought after, but at the same time not without controversy. Over the years it has been shown that even the neutral Concours could not prevent a striking homogeneity of the students. One fears a resulting formation of a certain esprit de corps and one-sided " enarchisch " embossed perspectives, which may in fact lead to the narrowing of the government to act. Again and again demands are raised, often by former graduates of the ENA self, training, registration and amalgamation with the access to public service reform (via the classement ). As part of the move the ENA to Strasbourg Although their curriculum has been revised; whether this will silence the critics, however, remains to be seen. Meanwhile, the French elite recruited namely almost exclusively from a background that makes up only ten percent of the population. On the TV station arte the four-part drama was aired teaching years of power, which deals largely with these criticisms.
In 2012 there were in France by the presidential elections in May and the general election in June to a historic change of power: For the first time since 1981 ( Mitterrand ), a candidate of the PS ( Parti Socialiste ) was elected president ( Francois Hollande broke Nicolas Sarkozy from ); in both houses of Parliament ( National Assembly and Senate), the PS got an absolute majority. Many of the most important offices in politics and administration were filled; many with people who studied in the late 1970s at the ENA and those Mitterrand in 1981 paved the way for state agencies.