Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, also known as the Paris manuscripts were written by Karl Marx in late May / early June to August 1844 in Paris, and among the Marxian " early writings ". They were intended for self- understanding and were not published during his lifetime. Parts of the manuscripts are preserved only in fragments.
The manuscripts were discovered in the late 1920s by Ryazanov and Landshut in the archives of the SPD and 1932, published for the first time in the edition of the early writings of Marx.
Importance
The Paris manuscripts are the first work of Marx, in which he combines the critique of political economy with its philosophy to its own system.
You are a document of " Abkehrbewegung of Marxian thinking of the Left Hegelians " in the years 1843-1845.
Important terms
Important philosophical and economic terms in the manuscripts are working, alienation, ' representational species-being ' and recognition, as well as wages, ' profit of capital ' and ground rent.
A central point in the manuscripts is a historical materialist twist of the Hegelian notion of alienation. Marx sees the workers four times alienated:
The estranged or alienated labor, Marx sees in this document as a result of private property. Later ( in The German Ideology ) focuses on the division of labor as a cause closer to the center.
Summary
The text consists of three issues, however, are not completely preserved, as well as a " preface ".
First manuscript
The first issue consists of four columns:
To wages ( 1) Marx writes: Wages will as a commodity determined from the enemy battle between capitalists and workers. If the economic decay, then suffer the workers the most. She waxes, including workload ( alienation ) and were growing competition among the workers and many capitalists would even to workers. Since the worker was sunk here to a machine that machines could make him competitive. Economic growth also leads to overproduction, the conditional periodic crises. When the economy is stagnant, so declining wages due to high competition.
For profit of capital ( 2) he writes: Capital was created by the right to property. His profit can be obtained by monopolies, uniqueness of the goods or in constant high demand. It could be enhanced by further processing in a higher quality product and technological progress. Progress does not multiply the wages, but the profit of capital. The pursuit of individuals for capital is for a society not always the most useful. Competition among capitalists would lead to a rise in wages, a reduction in market prices, a deterioration of the goods, the fall of profits and to many capitalists would sink down into the working class. The accumulation of capital, however, would lead to a monopoly, Accumulate more capital.
Chapter Basic pension ( 3) he notes that landowners would demand even for the use of the land and harvesting its fruit a price. Increased demand increases prices and use the land owners. This and the higher profitability led to accumulation of property. The competition among landowners will make them capitalists and landed property industry. Thus, only two classes were formed in society out ( workers and capitalists ). This process meant the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalism. Dissatisfaction would lead to a revolution which requires the elimination of monopolies.
The concept of alienated labor ( 4) Marx writes that the workers will all the poorer the more wealth he produces. He would present an even cheaper commodity the more goods he Create. The goods - His alienating the worker from its producing activity and the product as it is no longer a direct food or need was for him. His freedom is the purpose to a mere means. Ultimately, man is alienated from itself
Second manuscript
From the second issue is only one chapter received:
The ratio of private property ( 1) Marx describes this: The worker produces capital and capital produces him. So he worked to get his class. He did not, he could not exist. Agriculture 'll capitalist because they hiring now not unfree peasants, but free workers. He also presents his idea of " historical materialism " before, but without using this term. Chronologically should be therefore the course of history make up for unforeseen by him revolution in three stages: 1 unit of labor and capital ( primitive communism ), 2nd opposition of labor and capital ( transition from feudalism to capitalism ), a third contrast each against itself ( culmination of capitalism ).
Third manuscript
The third book is divided into six chapters. Here Marx is single, previously surfaced terms related to each other:
To private property and labor ( 1) he criticizes a fetishistic worship of goods by economists. This perception of capitalism is para- religious.
In private property and communism ( 2) Marx rejects Hegel's universalism. It is, according to Hegel namely the abolition of a concept only possible through its generalization. It would, according to Marx, the abolition of capitalism make the same way as capitalism itself in order to actually eliminate capitalism, however, would have all the evolutions that have led there, but are backwards through again, up to communism. Under communism finally private property belongs to all. In the first step would be forcibly eliminated all the individual differences between people, by all would work ends. In the second step, the company pick up their existing up to now democracy or despotism, by withdrawing the State in which it still provides general private property. Until now, communism had not yet captures the essence of the people. This is being done in the third step. Here thereby man is again human and natural. Under communism, man can enjoy without owning. The now self-employed person would know that he Create yourself, and was not created by a god.
To the needs and production ( 3), he writes: The capitalist man is dependent on the money, because without it he could not meet his needs. So he used ( as a capitalist ) Product or ( as a worker ) his labor power as bait in order to get what he could do to meet its needs. Money is therefore the only need and natural needs are being viewed as a weakness. The need for accumulation of money means that on natural needs such as entertainment, exercise and varied diet would be negated.
For the division of labor ( 4) Marx writes: The division of labor has emerged to Smith from human reason. It justifies the trade. Only through this arises the society. The political economy provides for the right to private property as a prerequisite for trade. Marx echoes those sentiments again without comment.
In Chapter money ( 5) Marx says, money is viewed often ontologically in capitalism. Because the money could compensate for this negative characteristics (eg laziness, ugliness ). Thus, it traffics everything into its opposite: Want no money will not lead to. Do not want with money can lead to.
In the last chapter critique of Hegelian dialectics and philosophy (6 ) true to Marx, Hegel, Feuerbach's criticism: 1 is the philosophy as a form of religion an alienation of man, 2nd should be a true materialism in human relationships overlap, 3rd prefer Feuerbach Positive towards the negation of the negative. Thus man is not, as Hegel claims to be a spiritual being, but a practical. Marx criticized beyond Hegel's positive view of state and religion. They are not self-realization but are alienating. However, Hegelian dialectics were first merits of the thesis that man by producing work itself, 2, the thesis that a repeal could be completed only by generalization and later by its own abolition.
Expenditure
- Marx and Engels issue. Division 1 Vol 3 Berlin 1932, pp. 29-172.
- Karl Marx. Historical materialism. The early writings. Edited by S. Landshut and J. P. Mayer. With the collaboration of F. Salomon. 2 vols Alfred Kröner, Leipzig 1932
- Karl Marx: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. 1844; Marx-Engels Collected Works, Vol 40 ( = MEW Supplementary Volume, Part 1), Dietz Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-320-00245-9, pp. 465-588. DEA Archive
- Karl Marx: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. Posted April to August 1844. Karl Marx. After the manuscript. Introduction and notes by Joachim Hoeppner. Reclam, Leipzig 1968. ( Loeb Classical Library 448 )
- Marx and Engels issue. Division I. Vol 2, Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1982, pp. 187-322 [First Play]; Pp. 323-438 [Second Playback] and [ apparatus ] S. 685-917.
- Karl Marx: Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts. Edited by Barbara Zehnpfennig. Meiner, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-7873-1890-9. ( Philosophical Library 559)