Eruv

Eruv ( עירוב ) ( Erub, Eruw Chazeroth, Sabbath boundary fence Sabbath ), Hebrew for mixture, called three methods that allow the Halacha certain activities that are otherwise prohibited by Jewish law. Most so is an Eruv for carrying intentioned, but in addition, there is also a Eruv for cooking ( עירוב תבשילין ) and the eruv for traveling ( עירוב תחומין ).

In Talmud Tractate Eruvin of the eruv is dedicated. Eruvin deals with eruv chatzerot, the " mixing property ", and eruv techumin, "the mixing of boundaries ". The eruv tavschilin, the " mixing of prepared " is treated elsewhere in the Talmud.

In everyday language, an eruv means a fence - real or symbolic - surrounding a Jewish residential area. Within the Eruv is the Sabbath rule, nothing to wear, do not apply.

• 4.1 Links to individual Eruvim

Eruv for carrying

For the Sabbath, the Torah prescribes that Jews move out of the house any objects, regardless of their weight or purpose. According to the Talmud are thus three activities meant:

To avoid confusion as to what constitutes a public main road, rabbis have extended the prohibition early to any area not fenced.

In the view of classical Judaism obeying the laws of God serves as the Sabbath nothing to wear, to pay his respects God. On the other hand, the carrying ban is reason for many circumstances and reduces the oneg ( joy) on the Sabbath.

At the court of King Solomon another ban was added so that it was also forbidden to wear something in an area that was shared by the residents of several houses, even if this area of fences or walls was limited. In the case of walled, common courtyards wearing but was allowed by the use of an eruv. The eruv consists of a food - mostly bread - which is shared by all residents. By dividing the food, all residents are considered residents of a common house and are therefore exempt from the additional prohibition regime.

The eruv chatzeirot ( " mixing property " ) works is that all the inhabitants treat the whole area as their "home". The shared space is thereby jointly owned within the meaning of the Act. Thus, the eruv works, but the area must be surrounded by a wall or fence, otherwise wearing remains forbidden in the sense of the original ban. This fence can be made of a rope or a wire that is drawn around a block or a neighborhood. The fenced area can then be regarded as their " home " Orthodox Jews. The tape must form a continuous boundary and can therefore also lead along on telephone poles or buildings. Natural boundaries such as rivers can also be part of the Eruv.

As in Königsberg, the military has become superfluous city wall was breached in 1906, the eruv was no longer closed. The Jewish community Königsberg resorted to here with a wire that was stretched across the gap, closing the perimeter symbolically.

Is usually start with the concept Eruv the cable or the wire is meant through which the bread is effectively divided. In the Talmud and other classical sources, however, so that the bread itself is meant.

Theoretically, all rabbis accept the concept of the eruv, the Jewish communities allow you to enjoy the Sabbath with some relief. However, for the practical implementation of technical requirements in terms of a valid eruv, some rabbis are divided. Therefore, the existing Eruvim are not used by all Orthodox Jews.

Worldwide (excluding Israel ), there are over 150 Eruvim, in Israel many more. In all major North American cities Eruvim exist, such as in Toronto, Phoenix, Memphis, Los Angeles, Boston, Chicago, Providence, Miami, Dallas, Baltimore, New York City and Washington, DC ( there are only eight Eruvim ). There are also Eruvim in Johannesburg, Melbourne, Gibraltar, Antwerp and Strasbourg.

About the coexistence of Orthodox Jews and non-Jews within the Eruv of Teaneck (New Jersey) in 2004 was the documentary Eruv - The Wire of the German actor and director Kai Wiesinger, who thus made ​​known the largely forgotten theme Eruv in Germany. Before 1938, there were Eruvim also in Germany, as was for example the Altona Eruv of the late 17th century to the 1930s, or negotiated, the Jewish community of Frankfurt am Main in 1914 with the Frankfurt city council on the establishment of Eruv. Currently in Germany there is no eruv. In Vienna, the city has become explained within the belt to the eruv in September 2012.

Activities that are prohibited within the Eruv

Basically, wearing nearly every object is allowed within a valid Eruv. However, this applies only if the object is not already covered by other prohibitions.

Examples:

• The wearing of items that are considered muktza that can not be moved on the Sabbath ( including writing utensils )
• The clamping and carrying umbrellas is the prohibition of building comprises ( umbrellas are assumed to be small tents, so as a building)
• Typical activities of daily life such as cycling ( Uvdin d' chol )
• The wearing of items to prepare for the day after the Sabbath ( Hachana )

Controversies

The establishment of Eruvim has resulted in several places in the world to conflicts, for example in Barnet (England), Outremont ( Montreal), Tenafly (New Jersey), and London.

Controversies have grown up mostly a matter of whether the tensioning a Eruv in public space violates the principle of separation of church and state. The pillars of the Eruvdrahtes ( Lehi ) are of opponents then removed, for example, and made ​​the Eruv unusable. Most Eruvim but are easily tolerated. Eruvim fall in the cityscape hardly and are not perceived by members of other religions usually considered offensive. At the same time Eruvim strictly orthodox Jews living allow a considerable margin of freedom and are therefore considered by Orthodox communities not only as important and useful, but also built and controlled. To be found on the website of the Orthodox communities each indication of whether the Eruv is currently intact.

According to Jewish law a Eruv may only be installed with the consent of the entire population. In Outremont and other places where there was extreme arguments about Eruvim, Jewish communities have tried to sue the permit over the local administration. This approach is however not according to critics in accordance with the requirement that an eruv is to be established by mutual agreement.

About the studies were from Outremont eruv then made ​​that deal with the effects of urban planning on ethnic and cultural tensions in residential areas. It turned out here that a lot of the opponents of the eruv not know exactly what an eruv is and what significance it had for the Jewish inhabitants.

Eruv for cooking

In this context, is meant by an eruv eruv tavshilin ( mixing of prepared ), it is prepared for a Jewish holiday cooked food, on the right followed by a Sabbath.

Basically, it is allowed on Jewish holidays to cook, but only in the amount that is to be eaten on this day, and not in advance for the time after the holiday. If such a holiday on the Friday, then it is actually also allowed to pre-cook for the Sabbath. Order but in the years in which the holiday falls on a Friday, to avoid confusion due to this exception, the pre-cooking for the Sabbath on the holiday was banned by the rabbis, unless the ritual of tavshilin eruv is executed, the the believers thus reminiscent of the reason for the exception.

The ritual consists of, for the Sabbath to cook some dishes already and bake before the holiday begins. Then the " harness " or "portions" mixed ""; that is, cooking on the day before the holiday is mixed with a court ( ie the Sabbath ) may also be eaten on the day after the holiday. This then allows the result that even on the holiday itself must be cooked, which is then not considered as a "new " cooking, but as a continuation of the "mixed" cooking that has already started before the holiday.

Eruv for traveling

When traveling eruv means eruv techumin ( mixing limits), and refers to the fact that you can prepare food for a Jewish holiday or Sabbath on which you plan to travel further than it is on those days normally allowed. ( It has nothing to do with the choice of the means of locomotion, one of which, except to go on foot, are all forbidden on those days ).

Normally you can go on these days in your own town to walk everywhere, but only within the city and a maximum of 2000 yards beyond. Do you have to travel further, one can deposit in a particular place before the Sabbath food. So this place is for temporary home, so you can go from there, 2000 Ellen.