Fadno

The fadno ( Northern Sami ) is a simple reed instrument (Angelica archangelica ) is cut out from a green stem of the medicinal angelica and in the traditional music of the seeds represented the only melodic instrument. His life is a few days.

Design

Medicinal angelica is a herbaceous plant with upright stems that grows in Lapland on meadows along river banks or sources in the mountains near the timberline. The roots and seeds are in Central and Northern Europe - taken as a folk medicine - even with the seeds. The seeds used previously (and occasionally still is) also medicinal angelica among other wild plants for coagulation of reindeer milk. For the instrument they cut out a 15 to 30 centimeters long section of the myelinated, approximately straight stems and notch a series of three to six finger holes. The lower end remains open. The upper end is cut off at a node, which merges into branches. As is blown against the direction of hair growth, the diameter of the conical tube at the mouth is slightly larger. The blowing mouth is two to three centimeters long longitudinal section, which is attached from the node in the middle of the stem. This creates a ideoglottes ( of the same material already existing) reed. The slot is barely visible to the naked eye; the elastic lateral edges give only releases an opening when the player blows into it and swing right back. The periodic vibrations of the slot edges enable the air in the tube to vibrate. In English are those longitudinal sections on the top, producing a standing wave in the interior of a blade of grass or the stem of a plant, known dilating reeds. Curt Sachs labeled in mind and becoming the musical instruments ( 1929) such instruments as " Geborstenes tube " and " blow canned " and arranged them in his geographical and cultural classification of the " Melanesian - South American " and " Indonesian- Melanesian " layer. There, however, they are falsely by the " flutes ". The sound is soft and the range corresponds to the central region of a clarinet. The musical intervals of the individual specimens are different, because they can not be in such a simple and made ​​with little care instrument predetermine exactly.

Dissemination

Fadno is a loan word from the North Germanic languages ​​and refers to both the musical instrument and the annual plant. The two-year plant is called Paska in Sami, an inherited from the Uralic languages ​​word. In Lulesamischen, which is spoken in Central Norway, means påskit "collect". The same linguistic root of the verb and the two-year, collected for processing as a food plant, is an indication of a very old tradition of collecting food. The borrowed by the Nordic peoples word fadno is probably related to the processing of milk into cheese, which have also adopted the seeds of their neighbors. In Lapland, Iceland and some remote regions of northern Asia, the pith of the stem provides a vitamin C-containing food ingredient. Dry stems of the medicinal angelica hot in Sami rasi ( "grass" ) as Carl Linnaeus in 1732 announced.

The fadno in 1913 by the Danish ethnographer Emilie Demant Hatt - ( 1873-1958 ) first mentioned that spoke of a " flute ". 1942, described the Swedish folk music researcher Karl Tirén, which was traveling from 1909 to 1916 in the far north of Europe ( The Lappish folk music recordings from Juoikos melodies with the Swedish rag ), but without making about the type of sound production, a clear indication. The only monographic contribution to fadno is by Ernst Emsheimer 1947, based his investigation on four prepared for him copies.

After Emsheimer could fadno not, comes from the Sami culture, but be a later acquisition of the neighbors. It belongs to the traditional music of the seeds that juoi'gat or juoigos (known as Joik ) is called, and generally consists of an unaccompanied sung on a particular occasion singing voice with or without text. The solo singing is the only music form their own seeds. The shaman drum formerly served the shaman to accompany his singing and his dance movements to achieve a state of trance. Dances and instrumental music did not exist otherwise. In addition to the shaman drums were used in the rituals still occasionally rattles or Schwirrgeräte percussive used. Of the Finns the seeds later, the box zither kantele and assumed a Jew's harp, and by the Swedes Eintonflöten and the natural trumpet näverlur from birch bark.