Fallopia

Japanese knotweed ( Fallopia japonica)

The Flügelknöteriche ( Fallopia ) are a genus within the family of the buckwheat family ( Polygonaceae ). The 7 to 18 species are widely distributed in temperate to subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere.

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

The Fallopia species are deciduous, annual to perennial herbaceous plants to semi- shrubs. The roots are fibrous and woody. Some species form rhizomes. The rarely prostrate, mostly independently upright or twining stem axis are hairy or bald fluffy and can in some species become woody at the base. Some species are relatively fast growing.

Your alternate arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petioles have at their base a joint and extra-floral nectaries in some species. The simple leaf blades are broadly ovate to triangular, with smooth or wavy leaf margin, and often with a heart - or arrow-shaped Spreitengrund. The durable or transient, Ochrea -tube has a slanted or truncated upper end.

Inflorescences and flowers

There may be Blütenstandsschäfte. Are formed terminal and / or pendent, racemose or Rispige total inflorescences, each containing about a Ochrea a bünde part time inflorescence with one to five flowers.

A characteristic feature is the shape of the pedicle, hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers. There are copies with hermaphrodite and which only female flowers. Of the five bloom cladding, the outer three larger, keeled or winged strong in most species, rare and not keeled not winged; This feature brought this genus also the name Flügelknöteriche. The inner two bracts are small and inconspicuous. The mostly white, greenish white to pink, mostly bald bloom enlarge to fruit maturity. The bloom are fused only at the base to almost full bell-shaped. There are six to eight free stamens present. The stamens are glabrous or hairy at the bottom of fluffy. The yellow or pink to red anthers are ovate to elliptic. Three carpels are fused into a unilocular ovary. The three spread only at its base or almost completely overgrown, very short stylus terminate in capitate, frayed or shield-shaped scars.

Fruit and seeds

The at maturity brown to dark brown or almost black fruit ( achene ) is egg-shaped and triangular, but not winged. She is partially or completely surrounded by the perianth. The seeds contain a straight embryo.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 10 or 11

Occurrence

The genus Fallopia is widespread in much of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subtropical zones. In North America, about eight species occur, but only Fallopia cilinodis and Fallopia scandens is native there. In China, about eight species occur, of which three only there.

Many species like to grow in locations where the natural vegetation is disturbed, for example, in fields, in waste places, dumps or Human-influenced river banks.

The native in many parts of Eurasia buckwheat or arable Flügelknöterich ( Fallopia convolvulus ), is a weed. Some species such as Japanese knotweed force in the place where they were introduced, a problematic invasive neophytes.

System

The genus Fallopia was erected in 1763 by Michel Adanson in Familles des Plantes, 2, pp. 274, 277, 557. Type species Fallopia is scandens (L.) Holub .. Synonyms for Fallopia Adans. are Bilderdykia Dum. and Pleuropterus Turcz .. The genus Fallopia belongs to the tribe Polygoneae in the subfamily Polygonoideae within the family Polygonaceae. The genus name honors the Italian Fallopia anatomists and surgeons Gabriele Falloppio ( 1523-1563 ).

The species of the genus Fallopia were formerly incorporated in Polygonum, so all species possess a synonym in this genus.

There are 7 to 17 Fallopia species ( number of species depends on whether Reynoutria is included):

• Schlingknöterich ( Fallopia soon scatterbrained anica ) ( rule) Holub, syn. Polygonum baldschuanicum rule Fallopia aubertii ( L.Henry ) Holub, syn. Polygonum aubertii ( L.Henry ): It is native to Central Asia. In Europe and North America it is a neophyte.
• Fallopia cilinodis ( Michx. ) Holub, syn. Polygonum cilinode Michaux, Bilderdykia cilinodis ( Michx. ) Greene, Bilderdykia cilinodis laevigata var ( Fernald ) CFReed, Polygonum cilinode var laevigatum Fernald, Reynoutria cilinodis ( Michx. ) Shinners, Tiniaria cilinodis ( Michaux ) Small): It is widely used in North America and thrives in altitudes 0-900 meters.
• Bindweed ( Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á.Löve, Syn. Polygonum convolvulus L., Bilderdykia convolvulus (L.) Dum, Fallopia convolvulus var subalata ( Lejeune & Courtois ) DHKent, Reynoutria convolvulus (L.) Shinners, Tiniaria convolvulus (L.) Webb & Moquin - Tandon ex Webb & Berthelot ): it is home to Eurasia and North Africa. She is a neophyte in many parts of the world. It is rated as an aggressive weed.
• Fallopia cristata ( Engelm. ex A. Gray ) Holub
• Fallopia cynanchoides ( Hemsl. ) Haraldson, syn Polygonum cynanchoides ): It occurs in western China and thrives there in forests in valleys and on mountain slopes and at the edge of the forest at altitudes 1100-3000 meters. With two varieties: Fallopia cynanchoides ( Hemsl. ) Haraldson var cynanchoides
• Fallopia cynanchoides var glabriuscula ( AJLi ) AJLi

• Fallopia multiflora ( Thunb. ) Haraldson var multiflora
• Fallopia multiflora var ciliinervis ( Nakai ) Yonek. & H.Ohashi

There are about three natural hybrids:

• Fallopia × bohemica ( Chrtek & Chrtková ) JPBailey ( syn. Polygonum × bohemicum ): It is native to Europe and particularly in North America, a neophyte.
• Fallopia × conollyana JPBailey: This is a cross of F. soon scatterbrained anica × F. japonica.
• Fallopia × convolvuloides ( Bruges ) Holub

Swell

• Craig C. Freeman & Harold R. Hinds: Fallopia - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522211-3 (sections description and generic name )
• Li Anjen (李安仁) & Chong -wook Park: Fallopia, pp. 315-317 - text the same online as printed work, in: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 5 - Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003. ISBN 1-930723-27- X (sections description and occurrence)
• Mohammad Qaiser: Polygonaceae in the Flora of Pakistan, Volume 205, University of Karachi, Department of Botany, Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi and St. Louis, 2001: Fallopia at Tropicos.org. of the Missouri Botanical Garden. ( Description section )