Farmer

Farmer or peasant (from MHG " gebure ". Roommate, neighbor, village Comrade ) is a professional agriculture, economically considered, the directed production of vegetable and / or animal products on a working to this end area deals with a range of primary production is.

• 3.1 Requirements
• 3.2 Germany 3.2.1 Duration and course of the training
• 3.2.2 training opportunities

• 3.4.1 Vocational Training
• 3.4.2 Higher vocational education

Regarding the terms farmer and farmer

Farmer is a general term for a modern profession, formed from farming ( with country within the meaning "Landscape " or " ground " ) and host " economist ", " landlord ", " economist ". The professional farmer is learned as a teaching profession within the dual system with subsequent master training and / or technical school or a university or technical college. A full- time farmer operates agriculture as their main occupation while achieving at least 84.68 % of its income from agriculture, Zuerwerbslandwirte contrast, have another profession they exercise, but have more than 50 % of their income from agriculture, while the share of agricultural income is part-time farmers under 50%.

The term farmer is defined from a historical point of view as follows: " Bauer is from the end of the Early Middle Ages the members of neither chivalrous tasks perceiving nor bourgeois commercial driving lowest prior broken down by professions society, after sorting, the knights and citizens remained alone the operation of agriculture. "

Even Old High German has been handed Pur, that is related to gipûr, Pl gipûrâ " roommate village comrade" or pûari, Pl pûarrâ "countryman", " country people ", and also in nearby stands to PUR, Bur " construction, home, abode ," neuhochdeutsch Bauer " nest cage ", but also in dialect " storage room" or " chamber ". In this context, construction, OHG PU, generally the farming activities - such as in field crops, orchards, vineyards, synonymous to the Latin cultura " cultivation ".

Later Bauer is the professional title ( peasantry, " a member of the peasantry "). Regional and has other distinctions known: Ackermann, full- Bauer, half peasant, Vollspänner, Halbspänner, Kossäte or KOEt ( h) ner, rear settlers, Häusler or Büdner. These designations were an expression of a hierarchy in the social system of the village community and mostly relate to the basic size or the rank of agriculture.

The word Bauer also expresses a way of life from ( agriculturalists and ranchers ). The inhabitants of the city uses the term farmer usually for all people who work in any land or livestock. Farmer is the newer, more modern term, but not commonly used.

Linguistically, a distinction is neither the farmer nor the farmer between land farming ( farming) and the execution of livestock. In Austria there are colloquial expressions Hörndlbauern (focus on animal husbandry ) and Körndlbauern (focus on agriculture ).

Other forms are:

• Is mining - such as " farmer" itself - originally a sociological term and is used in this sense in anthropology. Today, the mountain farmer is guaranteed by means of primary legislation in the Alps on handicap zones, only a particularly labor-intensive situation of the reasons ( in Austria about after the mountain farm cadastre ) justifies a classification for the reference of a mountain farm subsidy (now the EU -wide compensatory allowances in less favored areas and national aid )
• Organic farmer originally referred to a cultivation method (biological / ecological agriculture), is now in Austria but also occupational name for a professional specialization.
• Agronomist was until 1971 an academic degree that could be purchased at the German Agricultural universities and agricultural faculties of German universities.
• LPG farmers in East Germany were members of an agricultural cooperative.
• New farmers are persons who were in the course of the land reform ( Germany after 1945 ) Neubauer points.
• The administration farmer is a mostly agricultural scientifically trained person who is acting for the State, or in agriculture- related associations performs advisory tasks.
• As military peasants are called farmers who are located in border areas through appropriate government action.

Vocational

Tasks

Main task of the farmer is the production of agricultural products such as foods of plant and animal origin, besides also production of renewable raw materials and supplier of energy (eg, canola oil, biogas). This activity also includes management and leadership of a farm, including rural forestry ( Klein Forest).

In the profession two aspects are mentioned, which can be seen in the position of agriculture in the overall economy of modern industrial states:

• The provision of services, eg in the field of leisure and recreation (agri-tourism, rural tourism ) and
• Nature and landscape conservation, preservation and maintenance of the cultural landscape.

The modern professional image also emphasizes conserving natural resources such as soil, water, air and the observance of ecological relationships and animal welfare in particular.

Previously, the profession was physically very hard, working hours of up to 14 hours in the months of the main crop were and are still common.

Areas of activity

• Crop production: cereals and maize, root crops cultivation (eg: sugar beet, potatoes), oil crops cultivation (eg rape), legumes growing ( for example: peas, broad beans ), Ackerfutterbau (eg clover, silage maize ), grassland management, fruit growing and viticulture ( " winery " )
• Animal production: dairy farming, cattle rearing or fattening cattle, sows and piglet production, pig rearing or fattening pigs, laying hens, poultry rearing or fattening poultry, sheep farming, horses
• Agricultural energy / energy production ( energy industry ): production of biomass and its energy recovery, wind power, photovoltaics. Many farmers are at the same time commodity producers and operators of power plants (eg biogas plants ), whose power supply is remunerated according to the Renewable Energy Sources Act or of fuels such as vegetable oil, biodiesel or bioethanol.

Vocational training

Requirements

Is a prerequisite for the recognition of the profession - in Europe - the visit of an agricultural vocational school and / or agricultural school. Master's certificate and higher school education ( business administrator and technician) can be the basis for a study of agricultural sciences.

Requirements for the profession are about:

• Interest in nature and the environment, and working with animals
• Technical skills and commercial understanding
• Physical performance and endurance

Tractor driver's license ( class D in Germany, in Austria Class F, Class G or F in Switzerland), as well as for most followers is a prerequisite in modern agriculture.

Germany

Farmer is a recognized profession by the Vocational Training Act ( Germany ) ( Vocational Training Act). For more information on VET regulates a regulation on vocational training for farmers or for a farmer. Farmer is tax everyone who professionally engaged in agriculture, which manages the owned or leased land to produce agricultural products.

The Occupation farmer is a title, to whose leadership the necessary qualifications must be demonstrated. Certified farmers acquire their skills on a lower and higher agricultural school or higher farming school ( HöLa rsp. Höla or HöhLa or Höhla ), comprising at least two years. It ends with a state examination. Prerequisite for attending the school is the completed training as a farmer, which usually takes three years in Germany. One year full-time education at a vocational school. This is followed by two years of training in the dual system. To entitled to the description agriculturalist, the technical school is to visit the economist for farming two winter semester and then a winter term technical school for master training. The title agriculturalist obtained with the state's master craftsman.

Duration and sequence of training

The profession farmer requires three-year course and has two career fields that are working with plants and animals. During these three years the trainee to have worked on a farm with a focus on birth and rearing of animals and with plants.

The training time can be reduced at the request of two years, when it is expected that the training objective in the shortened time is reached. In general, a teaching time reduction obtained only by persons having technical college or high school or trainees who have successfully completed a profession. Accompanying the work in the company visited the trainee vocational school and corporate training. After the audit, the professional title " farmer / farmer 'may be performed.

Training opportunities

• Certified economist of agriculture
• Agriculturalist
• Certified technicians from the farming
• Certified Agricultural Business Administration
• Specialized agricultural economy in the areas of: Accounting, Agricultural equipment, golf course maintenance, tree care and tree remediation, Hofpflege, performance and quality testing, insemination beings
• State-certified nature and landscape manager
• Polytechnic or college degree in Agriculture - Complete as: agricultural engineering graduate [in] or Bachelor or Master of Science or B.Sc. or M.Sc., in job applications also referred to as: agricultural economist, agronomist, agricultural biologist, agronomist, agronomist, engineer for Agriculture, Civil Engineering / Agriculture Engineer

Austria

The profession is part of the education system ( VET ) to skill area agriculture and forestry / animal / plant / utility.

Job titles are farmer or agricultural technicians; Professional title engineer is possible with professional experience, additional licensing is required for professional organic farmer.

For the academic training are available:

• University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna
• University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna

In Austria there for vocational training as a farmer ( Bauer) as Agricultural School agriculture and forestry institutions in the federal ( LFLA ) that lead to the Matura, agricultural and forestry schools (LFS ) of the middle education ( schools ), and vocational schools of Agriculture.

When completing an apprenticeship ( apprenticeship ) is the job title:

• Agricultural skilled workers
• Skilled workers of agricultural storage

In addition, the professional specialty of the special culture and animal husbandry are in the professional field:

• Field vegetable skilled workers ( teaching )
• Poultry industry skilled workers ( teaching )
• Fruit growing skilled workers ( teaching )
• Vintner, viticulture technician, viticulture and winery skilled workers ( teaching )
• Hirt ( teaching )
• Pferdewirt, grooms, horse industry skilled workers ( teaching )
• Fisheries skilled workers ( teaching )
• Dairy specialist, dairy and cheese skilled workers ( teaching )

Switzerland

Vocational training

Farmer EFZ is a basic vocational education in Switzerland. The training lasts three years.

Farmers EFZ can take a shortened Vocational education and training (usually one year) in a related occupation:

• Vegetable Gardener EFZ
• Poultry expert EFZ
• Fruit expert EFZ
• Wine technologist EFZ
• Winzer EFZ

Conversely, take the shortened Vocational education and training for farmer EFZ graduates of the above mentioned basic vocational training.

Higher vocational education

Professional examination:

• Farmer / in with Federal. Fachausweis
• Specialist / clerk of biodynamic agriculture with Federal. Fachausweis
• Fruit farmer / peasant woman with Federal. Fachausweis

Higher technical examination:

• Master farmer / in
• Vegetable gardener / in
• Fruit farmer / peasant woman with masters degree

Work and employment opportunities in agriculture

Much of the trained farmers and farmers takes in Central Europe the family business and continues it as a family.

The greater structural change in agriculture will require a great need for agricultural professionals for increasingly large specialized farms in the future. Even in the service sector of the upstream and downstream sectors ( from seed and feed trade to the agricultural machinery and energy sources) farmers and farmers through constant training and further training will have good prospects in the labor market.

The income situation in agriculture

In the " Report on the situation of the German Farmers 'Association " following development of farmers' income is ( per worker ) reported:

However, 80 % of the income goes back into agriculture (eg, to buy new equipment, repair many machines, treatment of animals, feed costs, fuel, ... )

For several years, the commercial farms experiencing significant loss of income, for example, by the falling price of milk.

In the age insurance for farmers farmers and spouses receive low-income (sum of positive income ) by income classes staggered grants for contribution. This is for spouses income of both spouses is added and assigned to each in half. Of the total of 327 504 eligible end of 2003 had 128 017 insured persons up to a marginal income (all income) of € 15,500 in a claim for contribution subsidy. Approximately 40,000 people reported an income of less than 8,220 euros / year. The data demonstrate the extremely poor income situation in agriculture.

The improvement in earnings in 2005, in particular the sharp price increases have helped by higher prices for cereals, potatoes and sugar beet farming. Income Minimises worked mainly from the continued decline in milk prices, the drought- induced drop in yields per hectare and the increased expenses.

The individual branches of production arose in the agricultural commercial farms for the various types of operation different, partly opposite income developments.

Farmers from a sociological perspective

Farmers are interesting from a sociological point of view because they are often seen as an example of resilience and adaptability for. Although farmers globally often live in poverty, occur about the typical effects of poverty in their children usually do not occur.

In Germany there are few farming families. These include a monthly per capita household income below which families of unskilled workers among the poorest in the country. However, farmers often have a relatively large fortune in the form of land ownership. Also goes income poverty among farmers in Germany is not associated with a deficiency in the area of ​​food, housing, or education of the children. Also exist in the agricultural milieu other, less material -oriented value orientations, which causes poverty in farmer children sometimes has other consequences. In the face of not only moored on the money, but also the entire life situation of the population under consideration concept of poverty, it is questionable whether one can speak of "real poverty " here. On the other hand, the work of farmers, especially in the months of the main crop is to be considered very high and with an assessment of the situation.

With value orientations among American farmers also Glen Elder employed. At the Iowa Youth and Families Project, he noted that poverty on children farmer has surprisingly little consequences.