Fermi liquid theory

A quantum fluid is a liquid that occur in quantum effects and can not be described by classical statistical mechanics.

In the classic range is the kinetic energy per particle of the atomic mass of the order, give such that for the momentum and the wavelength ( according to the de Broglie ).

Therefore, quantum effects for low temperatures are expected, which are stronger, the smaller the atomic masses. According to the classical mechanics, all substances near would crystallize, since no more kinetic energy is available and atoms should always be arranged in a regular lattice structure due to the requirement of minimum potential energy.

However, the zero-point energy is so great that no transition of the system is allowed in the solid phase in quantum liquids.

Quantum fluids can exhibit superfluidity and can be based on the underlying statistics divided into:

• Fermi - liquids (e.g., liquid or 3He conduction electrons in metals in three dimensions )
• Bose - liquids (e.g., liquid 4He ).

The existence of liquid helium at low temperatures is an arbitrary macroscopic quantum effect.

In the one-dimensional delivers the Luttinger liquid, a special quantum liquid, which is described because of their unusual properties in a special article in place of the Fermi liquid.

1998 were Robert B. Laughlin (U.S.), Horst Ludwig Störmer (DE) and Daniel Chee Tsui (U.S.) the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their discovery of a new type of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations ." (It's all this is essentially the fractional quantum Hall effect. )

• Quantum physics