Fiber-optic communication
A fiber-optic network, and photonic network is a transmission medium for data communication in form of a compound of several fiber optic cable systems (including optical fiber ) to a network.
- 4.1 Germany
- 4.2 Austria
- 4.3 Switzerland
- 4.4 Luxembourg
- 4.5 The Netherlands
- 5.1 Turkey
- 5.2 Japan
- 6.1 USA
- 6.2 Canada
- 7.1 Brazil
Background
To date, fiber-optic networks in most cases not to the consumer, ie to individuals and corporate clients, laid, but less the backbone (backbone ) of communication networks whose "last mile" then usually the already existing telephone twisted pair copper wires or coaxial cable. This is illustrated by the fact that the power level 2, ie the network that connects the individual main distribution together is already practically completely linked with fiber optic cables, while on the last mile is almost always a cabling over copper pair cables available. The transition from the fiber optic cables in the copper wires, the incoming optical signal in the respective junction boxes is transformed by converters into an electric signal, which is forwarded to the respective housing.
In the course of the increased bandwidth requirements in recent years, however, the end of the moved optical transmission closer to the customer. Thus the world's first fiber-optic local networks of Deutsche Telekom under the name OPAL ( Opal '93) were installed in the early 1990s with the start of operations in 1993. Are currently as architecture for future optical fiber networks both Active Optical Network ( AON ) and Passive Optical Networks (PON ) were further developed.
Network roll through fiber optic cable different stages of development (FTTx ) can be distinguished depending on the location of the fiber optic network statements:
Fibre To The Node / Curb
As FTTN (english Fibre To The Node or Fiber To The Neighborhood ) or FTTC ( engl. Fibre to the Curb, Fiber to the curb ', in the vicinity of the node). Referred to the laying of fiber optic cables up to the next distributor, the street cabinet Here, then, the so-called main cable of copper are accordingly upgraded to fiber or supplemented by fiber optic cable.
For example, the VDSL2 offers the Deutsche Telekom and Swisscom categorize as FTTN.
The FTTN technology is like all other FTTL techniques, a fiber optic connection technique of the glass fiber is at the connection section between the local exchange and the switching manifold. There is via the Optical Network Unit (ONU ) signal conversion and the subsequent transfer to the local loop copper cable. The Channel distance is about 500 m; the data rate is in the upstream of between 2 Mbit / s and 12 Mbit / s in the downstream from 25 Mbit / s and 52 Mbit / s
Such a structured access network called hybrid access network, the subscriber line is a hybrid TAL. An obsolete form of a FTTN network constitutes HYTAS Outdoor, which does not allow for broadband use.
Even cable operators such as Unity Media use the Fibre Node technology. Here, the television and radio programs, and Internet connections are brought to the distributor and then brought over coaxial cable to the customer.
Fibre To The Basement
As FTTB ( Fiber To The Basement german or fiber to the building ) is defined as the laying of fiber optic cables to the building. This fiber optic cables are routed for example to the house basement. With modern techniques, the fiber optic connector can be routed into the house and so expensive civil engineering works are avoided for already existing gas or water connections. In the House, the signals can then be performed in the apartments over existing copper lines and VDSL technology. This corresponds to the level of the branch cable.
Fibre To The Loop
As FTTL ( engl. Fibre To The Loop ) refers to the installation up to the subscriber. They correspond therefore already the so-called network level 4 FTTL connections embarrassed especially the companies Siemens and Alcatel- Lucent.
Fibre To The Home
As FTTH ( Fibre To The Home or german Fibre all the way to the Home ) refers to the laying of fiber optic data center directly to the home of the participant. An important component of this is FITH ( engl. Fibre In The Home ), which is meant the fiber optic network within the home. Frequently there are biegeunempfindlichere fibers are used which allow installation in existing pipes or channels. Cable with these fibers are often only 3 mm thick ( and thin ) and can in a radius of 15 mm (specified by ITU G.657A ) to be laid. In the apartment, these cables are included in an optical telecommunications outlet ( OTO, Optical Telecommunications Outlet ) and performed on fiber-optic couplings. From there they are ( eg a router ) connected to a fiber optic cable with the terminal. The light signal is converted into electrical signals, and common wiring redistributed (e.g., RJ- connector ). The data transmission is 1 Gb / s downstream.
Fibre To The Desk
Fibre To The Desk ( FTTD ) ( in German: fiber to the desk ) is a type of network cabling. The wiring of a building or campus with fiber optic cables to the network jacks in each office is run.
Pros and Cons
There are some advantages and disadvantages of the installation of fiber optic networks to the customer compared to the installation of copper networks.
- Benefits In fiber optic cables no fault currents may be caused by defective or faulty electrical installations. On the shield of a copper cable can pass a large current in case of fault, which can damage the expensive hardware. Use for the connection of surge vulnerable facilities such as cellular base stations with high antenna location ( thunderstorm prone ). Fiber optic cables do not require electrically conductive shield.
- ISDN switching equipment can be omitted since VoIP telephony takes place
- Fiber optic cable as the transmission medium provides greater distances between customers and exchange as xDSL are possible
- Future security, no other medium offers more bandwidth margins than fiberglass.
- Preserving the value of property prices, with increasing demand for high bandwidth lose property that can not ensure fast internet connection, in value.
- About fiber optic cable no transfer of power is possible, therefore no backup power in the event of a power failure on the client side by the network operator (see Integrated Services Digital Network # emergency power supply for emergency power supply in ISDN).
- Telephony VoIP runs over the normal data stream and will normally be treated no differently than other data packets. It may happen that VoIP (which is time-critical) is not prioritized, thereby real-time communication is made difficult by particular latency and jitter. In telephony over ISDN or an analog connection, in contrast, the bandwidth is guaranteed for this purpose.
- Fiber optic cables are much more sensitive than copper cable. Compared to mechanical loads ( buckling, press ), as well as dust and water ( liquids ), these media very vulnerable. In server rooms, these disadvantages by the professional handling by trained personnel compensate, at the workplace, however, the cables are exposed to everyday stresses and it is therefore to be expected with correspondingly high " losses ".
- Higher costs for the network operator (esp. installation)
Costs and cost-effectiveness
The cost of a nationwide fiber-optic expansion largely depend on the distances between households. The nationwide fiber-optic expansion in Switzerland would be between 21 to 24 billion Swiss francs (17 to 19.5 billion EUR ) costs for 60 % of the populated areas, however, it costs only 8 to 9 billion Swiss francs ( 6.5 to 7.3 EUR billion ). [A 1] In Switzerland can about 70 % -80 % of households are economically supplied with glass fiber. In Germany, an area-wide expansion costs between 70 to 80 billion euros.
Situation in Europe
In Europe, FTTH is still in its infancy, but there are already a number of implemented projects with more than 100,000 end customers connected. In Scandinavia and Italy, most connections can be reported. In Zurich, a city -wide FTTH installation was decided by referendum. There are predominantly utilities and municipalities that have recognized the importance of good communications infrastructure and have achieved commercial success established the relevant networks.
The international initiative Euro -One, a collaboration of different operators of fiber, operates an intercontinental fiber-optic network of more than 85,000 km in length.
Germany
The largest owners and operators of fiber networks in Germany are companies from the telecommunications, cable television and energy supply. The latter have already started very early to be installed parallel to high-voltage lines or together with these fiber optic cable because the above ground installation causes comparatively little cost and in the underground installation of new power lines very cost effective it can be placed next to the power cord. These are claimed by the utilities on the one for their own traffic, and rented to others, to telecommunications and cable television companies.
The German fiber network currently has a length of 340,000 km. Of these lie with around 200,000 km of fiber optic cable around 60 percent of Germany's fiber-optic network in the Berlin area. Note that fiber optic cables can be measured both in miles and in fiber distance. Since currently often includes a single cable up to 1000 glass fibers (average often at least about 100 ) are formed correspondingly large quantitative differences between the various lengths.
In Germany, both the German Telekom and NetCologne and NetAachen announced its plan to make large investments in fiber. From renowned studies fiberglass is seen as the superior technology of the future. In Munich, the Stadtwerke München want in the future electricity meters in densely built-up areas can be read from a distance. The set for " dark fibers " uses M-net for FTTB connections.
The German Telekom issued under the CeBit 2011 that it will begin the development of a FTTH network in the cities of Braunschweig, Brühl, Hanover, Hennigsdorf, Neu-Isenburg, Kornwestheim, Mettmann, Offenburg, Potsdam and Rastatt in Germany until the end of 2011 160,000 households will open. After multiple delays corresponding tariffs for the use of FTTH in August 2012 have been published, they are offered under the brand Call & Surf Comfort Speed and allow speeds of up to 200 megabits per second. It is also possible to use the fiber over a speed option in the context of Telekom Entertain.
Largest owner of buried fiber optic cables (fiber road kilometers, however, these may be quite a number of individual fiber cores included) in Germany is with some 218,000 km, the German Telekom. Knocked Compared to Telekom, but a with around 58,000 km of fiber also very large owner is Vodafone, closely followed by the Versatel AG with more than 50,000 km. In addition, a number of regional providers, the so-called city carriers, already large fiber networks in Germany have built. For example, the NetCologne has laid a total of 3865 km fiber optic cable plus 12,715 km fiber for Fibre -to-the -building in and around Cologne. The Colt Technology Services has an over 3700 km network ( Europe over 20,000 miles).
In underdeveloped district of North Friesland Schleswig -Holstein is on February 1, 2012, been in this form Germany's first company established with public participation ( citizens broadband network GmbH & Co.KG ). The aim of this company is the realization of a fiber-optic network funded by individuals, businesses and municipalities. Will be sought in this network approximately 20,000 connections.
Austria
The Telekom Austria since 2009 invested a total of about one billion euros for the general expansion of the Austrian fiber-optic network. Promises to focus in area are on FTTC, FTTH lines are also occasionally misplaced, particularly for new buildings. Yet 2009, the first tests were announced with fiberglass in Austria by Telekom Austria. As a test regions Villach, Klagenfurt and the 15th and 19th districts ( five home and Dobling ) were selected. In March 2011, the 15th and 19th district of Vienna could be supplied as the first areas in Austria, Telekom Austria with FTTH, as early as 2010 were Villach and Klagenfurt connected with FTTC. The highest speeds are generally available with 100 Mbit / s significantly lower than abroad, the technical limit for individual households should be at 1 Gbit / s. Until the end of 2011 to have been supplied (50 % of all households in Austria ) and tradespeople in the " Giga " by Telekom 2.1 million households. For " Giga " compounds with a download speed of up to 16 Mbit / s are expected. How many are but it actually supplied with fiberglass, is not known. In parallel, VDSL is available in different variants. Thus speeds of around 16 Mbps in the download are possible even in smaller communities. This is achieved primarily through the widespread integration of all automatic telephone exchange to the fiber optic since about mid-2012. Of the latter it is starting but still copper lines over which customers use the product in question.
The cable operator UPC operates a fiber - coax network in Austria.
The fiber optic network of the company Infotech EDV Systeme GmbH in Upper Austria Ried has a total length of 2000 km.
Energie AG Upper Austria currently operates the largest fiber optic network in Upper Austria under the brand PowerPrimenet, the expansion of FTTH lines for residential customers has been running since the beginning of 2014 under the brand name Power Speed .
Under the " Blizznet " brand operates and expands the Wien Energie in Vienna a fiber optic network for FTTH access for the " Open Access Network " model. In the current state of development mainly parts of the southern and eastern districts were developed. 2010, the Wien Energie over 1241 km fiber optic network.
It & tel has its own fiber network in Austria. This backbone network has a transfer rate of 1 to 10 Gbit / s
Switzerland
In the city of Zurich provides the broadband network ewz.zürinet data rates of 300 Mbit / s ( symmetric) for residential customers and up to 1 Gbit / s for business customers. In Basel, St. Gallen, Bern and Lucerne local electricity providers are about to be realized by the year 2014, a comprehensive, open fiber network. Especially, the network operator, Swisscom makes up for the nationwide expansion of glass fiber strong, and works closely in Lucerne, St. Gallen, Bern, Zurich, Geneva and many other regions with the resident technical companies in cooperation together with Swisscom each between 50 and 60 % of the total takes over. According to OFCOM about 20 % of all houses in Switzerland fiber connections will be available by 2015. The Canton of Fribourg would have realized until 2024 a nationwide fiber optic network.
In October 2009, the main Swiss network providers have agreed to a common coordination to avoid a clutter of competing networks. The agreement provides that each participant connecting a cable with four different colored fibers is laid. A fiber thereof for the exclusive use by the network operator. At the same time, they agreed to the same standards to switching providers easier, and a single connector type.
Luxembourg
In Luxembourg, the Luxembourg post since September 2011 fiber available. Offers data rates up to 1000/500 Mbit. Here, FTTN (VDSL ) and FTTH markets together, which is not always apparent to the consumer.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the development of networks with FTTH is already well advanced. In many larger communities, all households are equipped with their own fiber optic connections. More fiber networks are under construction or in the planning stage. As the largest network operators the company Reggefiber is mentioned, which currently has 144 municipalities and developed in 31 communities in the planning and licensing phase ( as of November 2011). Reggefiber is a joint venture of the Investment Company Reggeborgh and KPN. The stated goal is to network expansion steadily pressing ahead and equip by 2015 90 % of households with FTTH. The fiber-optic networks are generally open to different providers, network operators do not normally occur at the same time as a provider. As a provider KPN has the highest market penetration.
There are typical triple- play offerings in the program, smaller providers also offer but very special offers such pure Internet with public IP address blocks for business customers. The prices are very low in European comparison - for example, you pay for the triple-play offer of KPN with 55 (10 HD) television, 100Mbit / s symmetrical internet and telephony flat rate € 65 per month.
Situation in Asia
Turkey
The company, founded in 2004 " İletişim Hizmetleri A.Ş. Tellcom " was in the Turkish market by the end of 2007 to 2012 the sole supplier for fiber to the building ( FTTB ) and fiber to the home (FTTH ). This company is a subsidiary of Turkcell Group.
Since 2012, the Türk Telekom, as the second provider, active in this market.
İletişim Hizmetleri A.Ş. Tellcom was with the brand Super Online since May 2011 and is known by the brand " Turkcell Super Online" in Turkey before.
This Fiber Internet products were offered only in a few districts of large cities Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir and İzmit between 2007 and 2010. Since 2010 builds Turkcell Super Online its fiber network very quickly in many cities of Turkey.
In June 2011, could be connections with 20 Mbps / 5 Mbps ( for about 20 euros a month ); 50 Mbps / 5 Mbps ( for about 40 euros a month ); 100 Mbps / 5 Mbps ( for approx 80 euros per month ) and up to 1000 Mbps / 20 Mbps (for about 400 euros per month ) relate.
Since 2011 Turkcell Super Online also offers IP telephone services, and since May 2012 Triple Play (Internet, IP - telephony and television ) is possible.
Turkcell Super Online had over 300,000 FTTB and FTTH customers in late 2011. In September 2013 there were more than 500,000 customers.
The Türk Telekom, as the sole owner of the broadband infrastructure in Turkey, was initially little interest. However, after considerable loss of customers she started in 2012 to invest in this area and prepare their fiber optic network for home internet access.
Japan
FTTH has already been introduced in Japan in 1999, had their breakthrough in 2001 but especially in the metropolitan areas of Tokyo and Osaka. On 17 September 2008 the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications announced that from March to June of that year, the first time the number of contracts for FTTH with 13.1 million exceeds that of DSL connections with 12.3 million and 45% of the has the highest proportion of broadband connections.
The average data rate at the end customer is 66 Mbit / s in Japan and 78 Mbit / s in Tokyo. The data rate was initially 10 Mbit / s at the end customer using Passive Optical Network ( PON) at the country's largest telecommunications company NTT. 2006 sat Gigabit Ethernet -PON ( GEPON ) or broadband PON with 100 Mbit / s by the end customer. Some services also provide 1 Gbit / s by the end customer by means of single-star (SS ) to.
Situation in North America
USA
In the U.S. offer, inter alia, AT & T, Verizon and Google FTTH. As in Germany, there is as yet only in a few metropolitan areas offers, as the cost of the installation are very high. It may be 50 /5 to 100/10 Mbit / s lines refer, Google also offers 1/1 Gbit / s.
Canada
In Canada offer several major telecommunications providers such as Rogers Communications, Bell Canada, Bell Aliant and SaskTel in larger cities are on sale. Data rates range from 50 to 200 Mbit / s
Situation in South America
Brazil
Since January 2008, the Telefónica in some parts of the city of São Paulo to FTTH, the default data rate is as 8 Mbit / s, but can be up to 100 Mbit / s can be ordered. FTTH is there along with an ADSL 2 wireless modem. The prices are measured by European standards, very high, for example, costs a 8-Mbit/s-Leitung R $ 240,00 ( about 78 EUR ) (Status: 02 /2008), with a minimum monthly salary of 380, R $ 00 ( about 123 EUR ) for many almost priceless.