Film tinting

Toning ( Virage, Viragierung ) refers to a technique of coloring of the photos ( or film ). Has come about through the black-and- white photography, in which the black appearing silver was converted by chemical means in colored compounds. In today's use of the term, the general coloring of the photo is meant - in most cases digitally.

Tonungsarten

Apart from the toning of photos digitally, there are basically two ways of chemical toning:

The tint is applied to the fixed image, and watered.

The toning is preceded by a bleaching process. Typical Bleach baths of red prussiate of potash ( potassium hexacyanoferrate ( III) ), partly with addition of potassium bromide.

Toner types ( chemical)

Most popular form of toning is sepia toning, known by many old black and white photographs, which, strictly speaking, not black and white, but are brown and white. In the sepia toning the silver is converted in the photo paper with sodium sulfide in silver sulfide. These sulfur toner are also known under the generic term ( poly) sulfide toner. Since these Polysulfidtoner are very toxic and dangerous for the environment, but also a very strong odor have ( rotten eggs ), they are more and more of the odorless Thioharnstofftoner (urea, in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur atom ) displaces.

Other opportunities exist in the Blautonung by iron salts, the Röteltonung and selenium toning. The resultant, depending on the photo paper variant color shift in the selenium toning is of subordinate importance - desirable is primarily the ability of selenium toner to the significant increase in the blackening density in the shadow areas of the positive and thereby further increasing the brightness of the photographic print.

More expensive, therefore rarer variants are gold and Platintonung. Other options offer carbon, cobalt and copper toner.

Toner (ie, again in developer ) cause by Mehrfachtonung with different toners and optional intermediate bleaching or reverse engineer very interesting color effects.

The toner can even be recognized, ready-made toner chemistry are offered by manufacturers such as Tetenal Kodak and Moersch photochemistry.

In the black and white film era was the toning (or Viragierung ) initially a cheaper and faster alternative to costly Nachkolorierung, but also allowed a dramatic color language that differed after which monochrome color came in a scene to use. The toning could thus switch between multiple colors. The now famous black and white image was more of an exception or a marked fall in this sense, long time. Here, the negative strip loses by frequent use toning, so all that remains is the colorless material.

General, the following color language in the context of the film strip coloring had emerged:

Printing Techniques

Clays in the printing process refers to the phenomenon that is not actually printing areas of a printing plate transfer ink and color on normally unprinted areas of the paper produced. In offset printing, this error is caused by oxidation of aluminum printing plate Long machine downtime or inadequate preservation by gum arabic from archived plates.