Framing (construction)#Balloon framing
The frame construction is a form of half-timbered building in the stand continuously form the supporting system of a building from the threshold up to the roof and at the same time constitute the side walls. This static principle is subordinate to the building design. The construction is traditionally made of wood, but it may also be made of steel. Together with other construction methods such as block building, frame, skeleton and panel construction, the post and one of the basic timber construction systems. Unlike the similar-looking skeleton construction the distances significantly less between the uprights and the floors connections are different on the stand when Ständerbau.
Historical Development
The post and beam construction developed in the 13th century from the primitive post construction. This known since the Neolithic construction has against the post and beam construction on a lower shelf, because the posts were driven into the ground and abfaulten quickly for this reason. In addition, the stability of the static system of the post houses was due to lack of reinforcement badly pronounced. These deficiencies have been corrected by the post and beam construction.
Because of the better static conditions, the post and beam construction allowed in the Middle Ages the construction of several floors or floors. Therefore, the frame construction is also referred to as basement construction. The passing of the threshold up to the roof beams stand bear the entire burden from several floors. Building with several floors were then called Langständerbau. Built on a brick pedestal stand, were connected by horizontal beams, the so-called anchor bar. The anchor bar also served as a support for the ceiling construction of the individual floors. As a stiffening were heavy lines, diagonal struts extending over several floors, ranging from stand to stand. Known types of buildings that were built in post and beam construction, the Low German Low German Hall houses. Depending on the number of stator they were referred to as two -, three-, or Vierständerbau. All have in common is the rafter roof. One other typical regional construction type is the Ständerbohlenbau or Bohlenständerbau in southern Germany and the Swiss region. Frame buildings with purlin have First stand.
The post and beam construction in this sense was the original, common in the Middle Ages truss construction. It was the end of the Middle Ages (from the 16th century), especially in Alemannic truss, replaced by the Rähmbauweise. In their stands are used which have only the height of one floor. This design is called Rähm or floor construction, as standing on the threshold stands are closed at the top with a Rähm. In other regions, for example, in the Franconian half-timbered, the post and beam construction stopped, however, until the nineteenth century.
Dissemination
Switzerland
In the late Middle Ages prevailed three different building types. From the north, the half-timbered style lasted into the room Winterthur. In the Central Plateau dominated the post and beam construction, in the foothills and Alps of log construction. In the stand construction area there were in the lowlands the thatched steep roofs and in the foothills, the shingle-roofed, flachgiebeligen Tätschdächer. The big cities were the exception, as it had mostly stone buildings with tiled roofs in the 15th century because of the fire hazard.
Mehrreihenständerbau
When Mehrreihenständerbau, which developed from the 16th century to the roof beam ( purlin ) was replaced by two inner -stand series leading center stand series ( Hochstud ), ranging from threshold up to Mittelpfette. During the same period the shingle and thatched roofs were replaced by the steep tiled roof. With this particular building type broader and larger buildings were built and the space division (floor plan ) of two to three rooms ( office, open hearth, chamber ) can be increased. This layout Standard survived well into the 19th century. The symmetrical arrangement of the inner stator rows meant that room and chamber had the same width of the room. The average area could be varied by the distance between the two inner stator. In the longitudinal direction of the scaffolding system could be made more flexible. The elongated, bounded by container space foursquare were called yokes. The smallest possible multi- row racks house included four containers with three bays in which residential part, Tenn. were (always in the middle) housed and stable. If necessary, additional yokes could be grown.
Bohlenständerbau and Blockständerbau
Bohlenständerbau of a wall construction, are inserted in the horizontal boards or planks from the bearing, and provided with a vertical groove or stand stems.
When Blockständerbau as infill walls 10-12 cm thick block of wood are almost flush mounted or flush. Thus, the wall panels reached in contrast to Bohlenständerbau approximate the strength of the stand.
The very popular medieval Bohlenständerhaus houses were cheaper than stone houses; they could be dismantled and rebuilt at a different location. As detracted the increased fire danger posed by these buildings. The illustrated Bohlenständerhaus in Hedingen was dismantled in 1983 at its current location in an industrial area, numbered each bar, moved and set up in a hamlet next to a contemporary, a Blockständerbau to 1804, again.
Modern post and beam construction
In Central Europe has virtually come to a standstill and mainly replaced by the massive construction with the beginning of industrialization, the conventional stator and Rähmbauweise. Only with the emergence of prefabricated housing industry and the introduction of plate-like wall building materials such as gypsum board was a renaissance of wood construction in the form of Holzrahmenbaues. Colloquially the modern timber frame construction is also referred to as timber frame construction, although this construction is not generally comparable with the original post and beam construction, but rather with the late medieval Rähmbauweise.
In North America, has always been the wood in housing construction is of great importance. The long dominant design, the Balloon framing is a post and beam construction in the classical sense. But since about the middle of the last century supplanted the wooden construction of the platform frames - a modern way of Rähmbauweise - almost entirely the former post and beam construction.