Gallo-Italic languages

The Galloitalische or Gallo Italian ( Italien. galloitalico ) is a group of northern Italian dialects, which includes the Piedmont, the Lombard, the Ligurian and Emilian - Romagna. They all point to a Celtic substrate. Apart from the dialectal peculiarities are found in all Gallo- Italian dialects the following features:

Phonetics

• Rounded vowels Latin o, u > [ ø ], [ y]

It is the presence of the lute [ ø ] and [ y], most graphically ö << >> and << >> ü, which are attributed to Celtic substrate, as well as in French, see Vulgar. MURU "wall" > Piedmontese Grumpy ( cf. double mur [ myr ] ).

• Sonication intervocalic Latin Okklusivlaute

Latin -C -, P-, T- will sonorisiert, spirantisiert or may completely disappear. Example: Vulgar. FRATELLU "brother" > Fradel Lombard, Piedmontese frel ( shrinkage ). This phenomenon is all the Western Romance languages ​​peculiar to see double frère / Occitan Fraire, in East Romance tongues occurs but does not include: Italian fratello, Rumanian. frate.

• Syllable structure consonant-vowel - consonant-vowel -consonant

All vowels except lat -A fade in final position, which is why, in contrast to the southern Italian dialects gives a syllable structure of type CVCVC.

• Degeminierung

All double consonants are > galloit to simple, cf Latin SPALLA "shoulder". spala. This is a typical feature of the Western Romance languages, but also for the Romanian while there are many geminates in Sardinian, standard and southern Italy (hence spalla standard Italian, Sardinian spalla / spadda ).

• Assibilation in Latin CI, CE

While the word CENERE " ash " was [ kenere ] spoken in Latin, took place in all Romance languages ​​except Sardinian and Dalmatian a palatalization. In standard Italian and Romanian developed the sound [ tʃ ]: Italian cenere, rum. Cenusa. In Gallo Italian therefrom therefore CENERE > developed the Sibilante / s /, galloital. sener.

• Palatalization of Latin - CT -

Two phases of development: Piedmontese / kt / > / jt / (as in Portuguese ) Lombard / kt / > / tʃ / ( as in Spanish ), see Latin Lacte (M ) 'milk' > Piedmontese lait (see portug. derive ), Lombard LACC [ latʃ ] ( cf. Spanish: leche [ letʃe ] ).

• Palatalization of emphatic A ( especially the infinitive of the A- conjugation)

For example, Latin CANTARE " sing " > galloit. Cantè / canter see also double chanter.

Morphology and Syntax

The Gallo- Italian Article from Latin ille is usually el or il ( often phonetically [ əl ] ), in contrast to southern Italy, where from ILLU the article forms lu, o or ru have developed ( with rhotacism ). In the area of ​​verbal morphology is noted that in the second person singular, the lat -final -S is often obtained in the present tense, cf piedmont. t'as " you " (as opposed to Italian tu hai ). Most existing own question forms such as cantes -tu " you sing ". Especially for the second Ps but also for the 3 Ps Sg exists an unstressed and a stressed subject pronoun, which must be sometimes set at nominal subject, cf el can a baula " The dog barks " (literally " the dog barks he " ), a phenomenon for which Romansh is also typical of Friuli ( Friulian il pari al cjante ( " the father sings " (literally " the father he sings " ) ). synthetic Perfect ( the Italian passato appropriate remoto ) is no longer used.

Literature and sources

• Corrado Grassi include: Introduzione alla italiana dialettologia. Laterza, Rome 2003.
• Giacomo Devoto, Gabriella Giacomelli: I dialetti delle regioni d' Italia. 3rd edition. Bompiani, Milan 2002.
• Carla Marcato: dialetto, dialetti e italiano. il Mulino, Bologna, 2002.
• P. E. Guarnerio: Fonologia romanza. 2nd edition. Hoepli, Milan 1978.

• Dialect
• Romance Languages