Giuoco Piano
In the Italian game is a chess opening that is divided into several variants. She is also known as Giuoco piano and one of the oldest openings.
Headways
The Italian game is one of the open-ended play and develops from the King Knight game.
Typischwerweise it begins with the moves:
1 e2- e4 e7 - e5 2 Sg1 -f3 Sb8 - c6 3 Lf1 - c4 - c5 Bf8
In the Italian section aims White with his runner development in c4 on the sensitive f7 point and continues its development. In this sequence of moves, there are both very sharp variations ( see, eg, the Evans Gambit by 4 b2- b4 ) and especially positional sequels ( the Giuoco pianissimo 4 d2 -d3 ).
Closely related is the Two Knights in Nachzuge with 3 ... Ng8 - f6, which can lead to very sharp variations after 4 Nf3 - g5, on the other hand after 4 d2 -d3 again returns to the quiet variants of the Italian game.
Overview of variants
- The Greco - attack arises in the main variant 4 c2 - c3 - f6 Ng8 5 d2 -d4 e5xd4 6 c3xd4 Bc5 - b4 by 7 Nb1 - c3 ( 7 Lc1 -d2 avoids the complications) Möller Attack 4 c2 - c3 - f6 Ng8 5 d2 -d4 e5xd4 6 c3xd4 Bc5 - b4 7 Nb1 - c3 Sf6xe4 8 0-0 Lb4xc3 d4 -d5 9 ( Improving Moller ) Lc3 - f6 10 Tf1 - e1 - e7 Nc6 11 Te1xe4 d7 - d6 12 Lc1 - g5 h7 - h6 Lf6xg5 13 Sf3xg5 14 Dd1 - e2 h6xg5 15 Ta1 - e1 - e6 Bc8 16 f7 - f6 d5xe6 crystallized over time out as the main variant.
Italian Four Knights
In Italian Four Knights can follow Lc1 6 - g5 (Canal variant) or 6 Lc1 -e3. The designation Canal variant derived from a match that was played at the Karlovy Vary tournament of 1929 Esteban Canal and Hans Johner. Even before this variant was repeatedly occurred in master games.
After 6 Lc1 - g5 Nd5 along with the threat 7 8 Nxf6 GF6 can be combated with Doppelbauer by 6 ... h7 - h6. With 7 Lg5xf6 Dd8xf6 8 Nc3 -d5 -d8 Df6 9 c2 - c3 a7 - a6 10 d3- d4 - a7 Lc5 brings white to its center formation. A modern, proven by David Bronstein alternative is 6 ... Nc6 - a5, which Schwarz seeks the exchange of the white King rotor.
History
Theory
The opening was mentioned already in the 15th century in the Göttingen manuscript and in the Repetición de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez (first published 1497 ) by Luis Ramirez Lucena. The then applicable rules for castling are different from those of modern chess.
The modern castling was first mentioned in 1620 by Gioacchino Greco. In which he edited collection of games is also the game
Specified. This variant has since theoretical significance. Nowadays, it applies to black as the better choice to beat the ♘ c3 in the eighth train with the ♝ b4 instead of the ♞ e4.
Treatises on the opening can be found in the chess books by Philip Stamma ( 1745), Giambattista Lolli ( 1763), Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani ( 1782 ), William Lewis and Paul Rudolph of Bilguer: Manual of Chess (1843 ).
An important addition was in 1824 the discovery of Gambit idea b2- b4 by William Davies Evans, which soon became the fourth white train on the new main line.
Until the mid- 19th century, the opening as Giuoco piano was called (Italian to German: " quiet game "). The term " Italian game " can be found in the 1857 published collection of new chess games of Max Lange.
In the middle of the twentieth century, the world-class player Paul Keres underwent the opening of a thorough investigation. After correspondence chess world champion Yakov Borisovich Estrin was a leading expert.
Practice
An early section in which the names of both players have survived was held in Modena between Giambattista Lolli and Ercole del Rio before 1750. It was played with the rule of free castling:
Evans was able to win against the champion player Alexander McDonnell two games in London in 1826 or 1827 he opened with 4 0-0 d6 d7 - 5 b2- b4 and 1829 with the better immediate 4 b2- b4.
The Evans Gambit came alongside other variants of the Italian game of 1834 in the London competition between McDonnell and Louis -Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais apply.
In the world championship fights by Wilhelm Steinitz in the late 19th century, the opening was often used, particularly when Steinitz led the black stones:
- Mikhail Chigorin played in eight of his nine games White 1889 in Havana, the Evans Gambit ( 4, -3, = 1, from the perspective of white).
- Isidor Gunsberg played in seven of his nine Italian White games 1890 in New York ( 3, -2, = 2).
- Chigorin played in eight of his twelve white games 1892 in Havana, the Evans Gambit ( 4, -1, = 3).
- Against Emanuel Lasker played Steinitz in 1894 in New York Italian twice as White ( 1, = 1) and won in Montreal once with black.
- At the beginning of the revenge battle in 1896 in Moscow Steinitz lost in the Italian games twice as White and once as Black.
Probably the most famous Italian opened the game Steinitz - von Bardeleben, Hastings 1895.
In the 20th century, the opening occurred in favor of other methods in the background, especially after the Spanish opening was 3 Lf1 - b5 viewed from the modern theory as sustainable. Nevertheless, there were occasional revivals of the Italian game:
- In the tournament of Carlsbad 1929 Esteban Canal was successfully in several areas with the eponymous variant of Giuoco Pianissimo.
- Bobby Fischer succeeded in New York in 1963 with the Evans Gambit a victory against Reuben Fine in just 17 moves.
- The Evans Gambit came in 1995 again in fashion, as a world champion Garry Kasparov so in tournaments of Riga against Viswanathan Anand in 25 moves and Amsterdam against Jeroen Piket won in 29 moves.