Gloss (annotation)

A commentary ( from Ancient Greek γλῶσσα, Glóssa, " tongue, language" glossa via Latin ) is

An explanation of a difficult word or passage,
One in German Romanticism temporarily counterfeit Spanish poetic form of the 17th century, who commented every verse of a poem given in a separate stanza, see gloss ( poem )
A short, incisive, often satirical or polemical, journalistic opinion piece in a newspaper or magazine.

Antiquity and Middle Ages

In Greek antiquity was γλώσσα (or the Attic form γλώττα ) since Aristotle ( Poetica 1457 b 4, Rhetorica 1410 b 12) a grammatical- rhetorical technical term for a strange word ( foreign word, word dialect, archaic ). In the Roman grammarians and rhetoricians this was not Latin glossa, but the younger and also Greek foreign word or glossema glossematum the usual technical term, of Quintilian ( 1.8.15 ) explains as " glossemata (...), id est voces minus usitatae " ( " Glossemata, that is little common words "). In late antiquity, the meaning of the word to be explained on the word description itself shifted. Glossa in Latin meant in the Isidor ( Etymologiae 1.30) to the Middle Ages mediated tradition then first especially the explanation of the meaning of a word with another single word: "cum unius verbi rem uno verbo manifestamus " ( " if we consider the meaning of a word only by a word disclose ").

While the term Scholie in Greek since the 2nd century, and so even in modern philology used specifically for the metatextual interpretive (or philological text corrective ) commentary, which is tied to a particular text, and either as marginal to this text, or in was handed a collection of excerpts on this text, the term glossa (or glosa, Closa, diminutive glos ( s ) ula ) in the Latin middle Ages, both for such metatextual glosses, used and for word definitions without binding to a to explanatory text, which then in alphabetical or objectively reasonable arrangement as lexicographic ( Glossary ) or encyclopedic Exzerptensammlung were handed down.

After the way they appear in the manuscripts we distinguish metatextual glosses between the written in the margin, often longer marginal glosses ( glossa marginalis ), between the lines written, accordingly, mostly short interlinear glosses ( glossa interlinearis ), which extend also to the accompanying Interlinear Translation can, and inserted into the text context gloss. A rediscovered only recently feature is the principal encounters in Old High German, without ink with the pen in the parchment pressed marginal or interlinear pen glosses, which made it possible, personal understanding aids for their own use to install so that they were not easy to notice for other and also the valuable recordable space was rested on the parchment.

The reference to the glossed text passage may, if it is not obvious by the positioning of the gloss, be disambiguated by repetition of the lemma or by reference characters. Glossary by a single word in the sense of Isidore is very common in the Middle Ages, especially in the inter- linear form and in with "id est " ( " that is " ) but inserted context gloss, restriction to a single word is not mandatory, but glosses may vary according to available writing space to be worked out in detail, and the margin widths and line spaces can be created from the outset for the attachments of a detailed commentary system. In the interpretive gloss then there is also no clear distinction from the more detailed text explanation of a Commentum or Commentarius more, especially since full comments listed in the form of marginal glosses or more different independent comments dissolved into its constituent statements and have been compiled as Katenenkommentar in the form of a marginal gloss.

Since the 12th century, especially for a corpus or an apparatus interpretive glosses next to the plural and the singular summary of no consequence ( s) a common. Examples are the notes on the biblical text, including:

In the medieval biblical exegesis, he was then in particular for the approximately 1100-1110 in the school of Laon created, esp in Paris now much used Glossa ordinaria (also: Glossa parva, Glossa Laonis ) that of a medieval standard Gloss to the Bible text a selected fundus contains patristic and medieval explanations of not only the wording but also the allegorical meaning.
The 1130-1140 resulting gloss of Gilbert of Poitiers (also: Glossa media) on the Psalms and the Pauline Epistles.
The 1150-1160 resulting gloss of Peter Lombard ( Magna Glossatura, Glossa ordinaria in psalmos ) on the Psalms and the Pauline Epistles.
The 1232-1236 resulting glosses of Hugh of Saint- Cher ( Postilla in Bibliam, Postilla Hugonis prioris ).
The resulting 1235-1240, anonymous " Dominican gloss ", based on that of Hugh of Saint- Cher, the text is truncated and compiled with other sources.
The resulting 1264-1268 " Expositio continua in quatuor evangelia " (also: Catena aurea ) by Thomas Aquinas on the four Gospels, primarily, some of them only recently transferred a compilation of Greek and Latin Church Fathers into Latin.
The 1280 resulting gloss of the Dominican Nicholas of Gorran ( 1232-1295 ) ( Postilla in Bibliam ). Heavily dependent on the " Dominican gloss ", that of Hugo and some other sources.
The 1325-1330 resulting gloss of Nicholas of Lyra ( Postilla in Bibliam, in the 14th - 15th century as " Glossa ordinaria " called ).

In law, said no consequence ( s) a contrast, primarily the default commentary created by the Italian glossators until the mid-13th century to the Corpus iuris Civilis.

In this high medieval meaning of no consequence ( s) a in the sense of authoritative comment ' the word was in the form of Glos (s), Glósz transferred to the Middle High German and in modern German time since the 17th century, again as in reference to the Greek and Latin " gloss " standardized, with the word in the German vernacular of the 18th and 19th century, the meaning of " clever remark, saying " accept.

Journalistic commentary

In modern journalism is referred to as a short commentary, trenchant opinion piece, which is different from comment and editorial by its polemical, satirical or feuilletonistic character. Journalistic glosses are written both funny and serious topics, "big" in world politics as well as to "small" local events. It is named for the local commentary, also local peak or peak to embed special appeal, the finding from a nondescript local event into a "major " issue. For both, the commentary in the national press as for the local commentary, applies equally to their convincing or entertaining effect depends on the form and content easy elegance of the text to which a startling headline, word games, knowledge and education appetisers, a surprising final gag and - above all - comedy contribute. Frequently used stylistic devices are therefore irony and exaggeration ( hyperbole ). " The gloss is the shortest and therefore the heaviest journalistic style shape. " ( Emil Dovifat ) as a stylistic copy of the genus is the column sidelight on the front page of Süddeutsche Zeitung.

A special form is the journalistic voice commentary. They commented on the phenomena of contemporary language use more or less critical and is then often also in relation to broader cultural and social developments. In countries with limited press freedom writers and journalists hide their criticism of the regime sometimes in language glosses, as in the past in Germany during the time of National Socialism and the GDR.

Well-known recent example of a voice commentary is the column Zwiebelfisch, the author Bastian regularly published in Spiegel Online and in the cultural supplement of the mirror.

Glossary of Linguistics

In linguistics, a gloss is a grammatical explanation of a word, a sentence or a story. In the Glossary today usually interlinear glosses are preferred and thereby rendered grammatical elements with capital letters, lexical items with small letters. There is no normative canon of the abbreviations used in this case, with time but certain abbreviations have been established (eg PL for plural) In addition, the Leipzig Glossing Rules offer a recommendation. The following example from the Latin, the first line is the actual object language form with identification of morpheme boundaries within a word by lines, the second line the actual glosses and line three the metalinguistic equivalent:

Archaism Leading article East Germany Bastian Sick Metalanguage Gabriele Hooffacker Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon

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