Gospel
- Matthew
- Markus
- Luke
- John
- Roman
- 1 Corinthians
- 2 Corinthians
- Galatians
- Ephesians
- Philippians
- Colossians
- 1 Thessalonians
- 2 Thessalonians
- 1 Timothy
- 2 Timothy
- Titus
- Philemon
- Hebrew
- Epistle of James
- 1 Peter
- 2 Peter
- 1 John
- 2 John
- 3 John
- Judas
The term gospel comes from the Ancient Greek ( εὐαγγέλιον euaggelion ), meaning " good news " or " glad tidings ". With the Gospels are mostly the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John meant in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. In addition, even more, resulting later Gospels handed, are not part of the biblical canon. They are called apocryphal gospels.
The authors of the four Gospels are also called evangelists.
Conceptual history
In the pre-Christian Jews started by the Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint, we find the term evangelion several times in scenes in which a king the news of a military victory will be delivered. In the post-exilic Judaism was meant by the Gospel, especially the hip by the prophet Isaiah message of salvation.
In the Roman Empire, this term referred to those messages from the imperial family, who were regarded as " good news". If the evangelist Mark wrote his Gospel in A.D. 69, he perhaps thought of the message of the enthronement of the emperor Vespasian. The oldest evidence point to the term evangelion Gospel is found as a stone inscription near the ancient Ephesus and was dated to the year 9 BC. It translates as: " The birthday of this god ( Caesar Augustus ) means ( κοσμω τω ) for the world the beginning of all good news ( Gospel ) that we owe him." In any case, the term is replaced by a contrasting importance in application to Jesus of Nazareth in Mark 1.1 EU.
In the New Testament referred εὐαγγέλιον the Good News of salvation in Jesus Christ. This Good News is oral preaching, not something written Sticky.
Some Church Fathers referred to the entire New Testament as gospel. The term gospel in the context of the canonical Gospels writings can be found in Irenaeus: The Gospel as a message of Jesus Christ in four forms - according to (not by) Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. Justin uses the term in two senses.
The four New Testament Gospels
As the Gospels at the beginning of the New Testament (NT) standing four books are. They report on the ministry of Jesus and created several decades after Jesus' ministry.
According to the general consensus of biblical scholars, the original language of all four New Testament Gospels is Greek. The author information (such as "The Gospel according to Matthew ," etc. ) do not belong to the original text of the Gospels, but were added early ( they are uniform throughout the tradition ).
- Gospel according to Matthew Author: Traditional Matthew, Apostle and before tax collectors
- Area of Effect: probably Persia, Caspian Sea, Greece, possibly Ethiopia
- Addressees: mainly Jewish Christians with good knowledge of the Jewish Bible
- Author: John Mark traditionally, no apostle is said to have obtained material for his report from the Apostle Peter
- Area of Effect: probably Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Egypt
- Addressees: mainly Gentile Christians
- Author: Lukas traditionally, not an apostle, was a physician and one of the companions of Paul, his account differs from the others by upscale language
- Area of Effect: probably Jerusalem, Asia Minor, Rome
- Addressees: formed mainly Gentile Christians
- Author: traditional John, apostle
- Area of Effect: probably Jerusalem, Asia Minor
- Addressees: general Christian whose faith will be deepened
The time of origin of the New Testament gospels is between 30 or 33 AD (the year of the crucifixion of Jesus) and about 100 AD ( as in the early 2nd century, there is evidence that they already existed: papyri and patristic quotations ). In theological research, hardly anyone takes an "early date" of the Gospel in the 30s; the discussions are moving in the tension between an "average date" of the Gospels by 60 AD. and a " late date " by 85 AD.
In spite of a brief public ministry of Jesus so there is of him given closer biographical representations as of the most ancient personalities; For example, the earliest surviving biography of Augustus was written a century after his death by Suetonius, of Mohammed two centuries after his death by Ibn Hisham.
To determine the time of origin of the Gospels, the following criteria are applied: Stylistic characteristics, interde-pendencies of the texts, theological differences and references to historical facts. In the following table, some dating tests find (all year values " according to Christ " ):
Although the first three Gospels many similar incidents reported, and the contents of the Gospel of Mark is mostly included in Matthew and Luke, all four Gospels were retained for church use. It was not, for example, the Gospel of Mark omitted even joined a Gospel Harmony (ie a compiled from the four Gospels continuous narrative) in place of the Gospels ( the Gospel harmony created by Tatian was popular while in the Syrian church, but supplanted the Gospels do not ). The resulting large church decided to separately accommodate these four used in the Christian communities Gospels in the New Testament canon. (See also New Testament Apocrypha. )
In addition to these four Gospels were circulating in some Christian communities from the 2nd century, Gospels, which are mostly pseudepigraph and were not included in the canon, and referred to as " apocryphal " gospels. Of them, inter alia, delivered the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Peter, the Gospel of Judas, the Gospel of Truth and the Gospel of Philip. From such Gospels partly only fragments or quotations in the Church Fathers are obtained.