Grandmaster (chess)
Grand Master (abbreviated GM ) is the highest awarded by the World Chess Federation FIDE titles for tournament chess player; sooner was the title of International Grandmaster (IGM). He has been awarded since 1950 and is valid for life, with the withdrawal in cases of gross misconduct is possible. Grandmaster titles will be awarded in other chess divisions.
- 3.1 FIDE
- 3.2 Other chess federations
History
The title of Grand Master was used informally in the 19th century, first on 18 February 1838 in the chess column of the newspaper Bell 's Life. In the literature it is sometimes said that the title was first awarded by Tsar Nicholas II to ensure that the five winners of the strongly occupied "Grandmaster Tournament " in St. Petersburg in 1914 to honor ( Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Siegbert Tarrasch, Alexander Alekhine and Frank Marshall). But this is not considered historically documented.
The Soviet Chess Federation awarded a major championship for the first time in 1929 to Boris Werlinski.
The title of International Grand Master gave the FIDE first in 1950. Recognizing previous performances were Ossip Bernstein, Isaac Boleslawski, Igor Bondarewski, Mikhail Botvinnik, David Bronstein, Oldrich Duras, Max Euwe, Reuben Fine, Salo Flohr, Ernst Gruenfeld, Paul Keres Boris Kostić, Alexander Kotov, Grigory lion fish, Andor Lilienthal, Géza Maroczy, Jacques Lousy, Miguel Najdorf, Viacheslav Ragozin, Samuel Reshevsky, Akiba Rubinstein, Friedrich Sämisch, Vasily Smyslov, Gideon Ståhlberg, László Szabó, Savielly Tartakower and Milan Vidmar appointed.
Number of Grandmaster
The number of chess grandmasters worldwide increased from 27 in 1950 to 88 in 1972, 2008, there were already over 1,300 carriers of this title. There are several reasons for this, including
- The increase in tournament events (qualification options )
- Political changes in Eastern Europe, the many strong players only allowed to participate in such tournaments
- The development of modern information technologies (Internet, chess databases)
- Shortening the standard tournaments of at least fifteen rounds in the 1970s to today at least nine rounds
Most grandmasters lived in 2008 in Russia ( 147), in Germany, there were 59 players with this title. Iceland had eleven Grand Master with only 300,000 inhabitants.
Because of the increasing number of grandmasters is currently provided by the public chess playing strength of a master examined primarily because of its Elo rating. Players in the world with a top speed above a mark of 2700 Elo points are informally referred to as super grandmasters. The record as the youngest title holder held many years Bobby Fischer, who was at the age of 15 years and four months grandmasters. He was replaced in 1991 by Judit Polgár, which was a month younger the title acquisition. Meanwhile keeps this Best Sergei Karjakin, who scored his last required Title Standard 12 years and 7 months (as of June 2013).
Women as Grand Master
As the first woman won Nona Gaprindashvili 1978 the Grandmaster title. In November 2010, 20 players from the best hundred of the FIDE ranking of the women had the Grandmaster title.
Qualification criteria
For the title "International Grand Master ," you have to meet the following qualification criteria FIDE:
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FIDE
FIDE Grand Master award next titles as well as less significant and based on lower requirements title of International Master (IM), FIDE Master (FM) and Candidate Master (CM).
In addition, the FIDE awards since 1976 also has its own Grand Master title for women (abbreviation usually WGM for Woman Grandmaster, rather unusual is the German acronym FGM). The requirements for women are similar to those for men, but set lower by exactly 200 Elo points.
Other chess federations
In correspondence chess grandmaster title is awarded by the World Chess Federation ICCF remote. The ICCF has also introduced the grandmaster title for women in 1997.
In the chess composition of the title Grandmaster is awarded to composers, when you get 70 points by publishing their compositions in chess FIDE albums. Here, a study is one of 1.67 points and any other composition a point. In community work, the points will be divided accordingly. Three judges judge sacrificing the quality of the compositions and assign each between zero and four rating points. A task must receive at least eight rating points for posting on the FIDE Album. In solving chess compositions there are also qualifying criteria for release tournaments for the title of Grandmaster.