Greenfield status

The Green meadow called in the jargon of city planning, a planning and development on land not previously belonged to the settlement area of ​​the city or the community. It can be in these areas both to planned housing estates, business parks, special areas, or more rarely weekend house areas, public green areas and public facilities.

On the green meadow is also used across disciplines as a phrase to describe an imaginary situation in which a concept can be implemented in pure form, without regard to grown, mostly organizational, conditions had to be taken.

Origin

Planning on a "greenfield " apply as a result of the Charter of Athens (1933, 1943), with a useful and functional separation was established in urban planning. The rapid increase in individual motorization and population growth by refugees after the Second World War in the German cities promoted the search for new spatial concepts for the growth of cities.

Until the 1990s, was the articulated city as an ideal, in which the central supply and service facilities in the city center and the industrial areas on the outskirts were separated by a green belt of the residential areas on the leeward side. This resulted in moderate first settlement expansion on the "green meadow ", but the basic structures of the historically developed European city have been largely preserved.

Urban expansion

In the 1960s and 1970s, then continued, however, under the growth spurts of the resulting economic miracle Society increased modernization, which, to the typical developments in "green field " with satellite towns such as the Mark Brandenburg district of Berlin, choral hamlet in Cologne, Neuperlach in Munich Nordweststadt in Frankfurt, Neue Vahr in Bremen, the Großfeldsiedlung in Vienna or Wulfen led on the northern edge of the Ruhr area.

These start-ups of urban settlements ( Suburbs ) sat in the inner cities an area redevelopment through that led to the loss of their identity for many cities. In the 1980s, the criticism of this urban policy was so loud that at first proclaimed with support from the international ( UNESCO) priority for the preservation of new concepts for the redevelopment of inner cities have been sought.

A policy of maintaining urban renewal now became the new mission statement. Thus, some cities could get her face and these cities are today often gems of their states is (see Historical city center).

Current trends

The demonstrated development brought with it that within the town centers hardly large premises were possible, who would at the same time the rapidly worsening conditions of retail trade (see large-scale retail ) taken into account. It began, in the 1970s a trend of retailing on the "green meadow ", which continued unbroken until around the end of the 1990s, leading to a loss of essential functions of the central city cores.

A special case is attributed to developing the accession area in Germany. The available space in the inner cities were often charged (at least according to a "qualified development plan" after the Federal Building Code) and other time-consuming development difficulties with unclear ownership rights, lack of development, lack of construction law. Therefore, a number of new shopping centers were built on "greenfield " at the gates of the East German cities in the first half of the 1990s. This was made easier by the fact that there were no qualified, the new legislation appropriate regional planning shortly after the reunification. This could adopt without actually necessary coordination and consultation far-reaching development plans, numerous small surrounding communities.

At least since the late 1990s, however, the trend has mitigate the green meadow and in some reverse begun. The migration flows between the city and surrounding communities as well as the declining numbers of new housing on the " green field " evidence that housing has won in the city more attractive. In addition to the desire of households by urbanity this should tip the scales and the considerable time and money for the mobility between " green meadow " and the city. This trend can be observed where the inner cities now assert their position and also in retail - reported rising sales - at least in 1a locations.

Planning Law

Planning on a "greenfield " are partially funded by the applicable pollution control and planning law. In § 50 of the Federal Pollution Control Act ( Federal Pollution Control Act ) the principle of separation is normalized, which requires the planning cities and communities to mutually exclusive uses ( classic example: residential - commercial) to spatially separate from each other.

The authorities responsible for the enforcement of these state planning Maxime state environmental agencies have received guidelines by which to be respected between residential areas and commercial areas Immissionsabstände are to be measured. In practice, these decrees is today only minor importance, since the settlement strongly emitting enterprises has become rare.

The admissibility of the individual construction project depends on the existence of a development plan. If not there is such, the acceptability of the project must be assessed mostly by the Building Code § 35 (and thus very restrictive ), since construction in so-called outdoor area is not regularly admissible.

• Urban Development
• Phrase