Hangul consonant and vowel tables

The 51 jamo (literally " mothers of the letters / characters ", also called 낱자 natja ) are created in the 15th century letters of a Hangeul -called alphabet font that is used today for writing the Korean.

Below are the words " consonant ", " vowel" and to understand " syllable" rather in (ortho- ) graphic as phonetic terms. These terms replace inaccurate for reasons of space detailed descriptions. Comparable would be in relation to the German publication, the name of the r as Konsonantbuchstabe despite not consonant pronunciation, for example, in the word "he".

Inventory

24 In addition to simple ( non-composite ) jamo, there are 27 which are composed of two or three of these simple jamo - graphemes. Each simple or compound jamo represents a Morphophonem the language of the 20th century, it being noted that the composite are often not easily pronounced succession of their constituents.

The 24 simple jamo are:

Five of the single consonant may be written doubled and then form a further five double writing ( ssangjamo ), during ( bokjamo ) are written in two respective different consonants adjacent eleven consonants complex structure.

The basic vowels can be assembled into 11 other di-and trigraphs, of which only ㅢ is a diphthong in the narrowest sense, and only in word-initial default language.

In summary, there are:

Arrangement

Unlike the letters of the Latin alphabet, the jamo are writing not just from the left placed together in a chain to the right. Rather, the jamo each ( orthographic ) syllable are grouped into a block. Each block is assembled in the order of the pronunciation of the following parts:

Whether the first jamo ( black in the image ) of a syllable block above, is written on the left or top left of the block depends on which vowel jamo ( red in the picture ) follows him and if after that a consonantal jamo ( shown in yellow ) follows.

The final LV ( t ) blocks are then consecutively written from left to right; is a full line, including a new one from left to right current is started.

Relationship between jamo and phonetic value

Jamo with similar sound values ​​are similar to each other sometimes graphically, for example, resembles a jotierter vocal graphically both its non jotierten correspondence as well as any other jotierten vowel: The long dashes show the vowel sound value and the presence or absence of a prefix w - Loud on. All jotierten jamo have two short lines, where the jamo of the same vowel in not jotierter form has only a short line (see image ).

While consonant quantity reflected in the jamo - sensitive ( for example, the word 언니 eonni with long [n ] is spoken, which is evident from the two ᅟ ᅠ ᆫ ᄂ ᅠ ), finds vowel quantity in Scripture no expression, although in some dialects decide on the meaning of a word - the difference in some dialects is expressed by tone rather than quantity. From the high-level language, the vowel quantity is, however, a significant bearing characteristic disappeared or is waning.

Variants

In North Korea, a variant of ㅌ is very common, consisting of a ㄷ with overlying slash ( rarely a short, set on the ㄷ underscore) is (see image ). Overall, the appearance of the jamo has significantly changed neither in the manual nor in the document since its creation; when comparing the oldest Literature with today's merely a greater similarity to the latter falls with manuscripts, some in jamo ㅈ.

Nor do the rules that determine the graphical arrangement of jamo into syllabic blocks were changed; here is only in Korean publications usual in North Korea but hardly common Graphemanordnung composite in the vowel jamo ㅝ and call ㅞ. Although there were mainly early 20th century in Russia attempts to give up and instead simply to write the individual jamo as the letters of the Western alphabet from left to right even the groupings into ingots; but such reforms could not prevail.

The arrangement of syllables to the left -to-right lines, however, is comparatively young. Initially, they were arranged vertically, with the first column of the text was right and the last one left. As part of the modernization of Korea then kept spaces and punctuation feeder. Even during the first half of the 20th century, the now rare vertical writing was very common.

From the 15th to the early 20th century, the lead part of syllables could also take complex consisting of only single or double jamo. The trail, however, because there was not then morphophonemischer case for centuries never more than a simple consonant, which was amended in 1933 final with a successful standardization of spelling.

Since the first half of the 15th century, when the jamo were created, some of them have fallen into disuse, while no new creations enriched the Grapheminventar. Mid-20th century there were efforts in North Korea, using a new set of graphemes, their appearance is modeled on the existing jamo - graphemes, the jamo characters inventory to align the Korean Morphophoneme even more ( new jamo with sample words ); But even this last major attempt at reform was little support and was abandoned, so that today only limited enter the jamo of a word information on its flexion.

Keyboard

Typewriters and computers

The South Korean standardization in 1969 laid the foundation stone of a disagreement about the best jamo Keyboard Layout:

The assignments 3 [ se] -, 4 [ ne] - and 5 [ daseot ] beolsik are now largely fallen out of use.

In today's conventional 2 [ you ] beolsik assignment consonants lie on the left half of the keyboard, the vowels ( vowel / jungseong ) on the right. Same key as his input in initial position (lead / Choseong ) is struck to enter a consonant in Silbenauslaut ( trail / jongseong ).

Some prefer the 2- beolsik assignment before the 3- beolsik assignment, as these require for weaker left hand in right-handers and less so preventive carpal tunnel syndrome; the Anlautkonsonanten (lead) sit at the 3- beolsik occupancy right, the vowels ( vowel ) in the middle and the Auslautkonsonanten ( trail ) left. The use of the mouse with the right hand, however, compensates for the increased stress on the left hand by 2- beolsik again.

Windows ' IME supports 2- beolsik, 3 - beolsik 390 and 3- beolsik Final ( 최종 3 벌식 ).

Phones

Cheonjiin

To write short messages with mobile phone keypads there is, among other Samsung Cheonjiin ( 천지인 ) input method, only three keys are required for the for the entry of 21 vowels ( jungseong ). The Cheonjiin input method uses the fact that, as all vowels unambiguously with the writing order of their short dashes ( 천 cheon "heaven" ), long horizontal strokes ( 지 ji "Earth" ) and long vertical lines ( 인 in "man" ) are reproduced can. For example generates the sequence " short line ", " horizontal line ", " vertical bar " (or pressing the appropriate buttons on the phone ) the vowel ㅚ oe.

This is possible without problems, as in the 1930s, the vowel was ㆌ abandoned, the other as well as ㅝ would have to be entered by the sequence " horizontal line ", " short line ", " short line ", " vertical bar ".

Other

In another input method, some letters can be entered with a single keystroke, while others by subsequently pressing the button

• Of the same letter,
• Another letter,
• " Character ( s) Add " (on the left of the zero key ) and / or
• " Doubling " (right of the zero key )

Are generated. The vowels ㅏ a and ㅗ o (both are " bright " or yang vowels ) are each entered with a single keystroke. To ( to the bright vowels axisymmetric ) "dark" or eum - ㅓ vowels eo and ㅜ u enter the appropriate, just press the same button a second time.

Consonants For ㅎ h: ㅇ (ng ), "Add line" For ㅂ b: ㅁ m, "Add line" " Add line" ㅁ m,, " Double ": For ㅃ pp For ㅍ p: ㅁ m, 2 × " Add line"

Vowels For ㅘ wa: ㅗ / ㅜ o / u, ㅏ / ㅓ a / eo For ㅑ ya: ㅏ / ㅓ a / eo, "Add line" For ㅓ eo: 2 × ㅏ / ㅓ a / eo For ㅕ yeo: ㅏ 2 × / ㅓ a / eo, "Add line"

Whole CVC block For 협 hyeop: ㅇ (ng ), "Add line", 2 × ㅏ / ㅓ a / eo, "Add line", "Add line" ㅁ m,

LVT computer font

Usually full syllable blocks are stored as the smallest units. In addition, the barely used option is in Unicode but provided the store individually in the following order jamo a syllable:

L stands for a single or a sequence of several consonantal jamo Choseong, V for a single or a sequence of several vocalic jamo jungseong, T for a single or a sequence of several consonantal jamo jongseong (optional ), and finally M for one of the two in the 15th century used tone marks, which should appear in vertical writing as one or two points to the left of the syllable block ( optional).

This structure is called in Korean 첫가 끝 (such as " LVT "). In conjunction with a suitable font, the jamo - oriented LVT method allows one of the original spelling comparatively similar view even old Korean texts, whereas a storage in syllable blocks the sheer number of possible syllables precludes the at support more advisable also disuse jamo old Korean texts would and would go beyond the usual size fonts.