Hawaiian language
Spoken in
24,000 ( 2008)
- Austronesian Malayo - Polynesian languages Oceanic languages Polynesian languages Marque Forensic languages hawaiian
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Haw
Haw
The Hawaiian or Hawaiian language (self- designation: Olelo Hawaii) is the language of the Polynesian natives of the Hawaiian Islands. Hawaiian and English are the official languages of the State of Hawaii. Hawaiian has 13 phonemes with very few sounds; only a few languages have even less.
The Hawaiian belongs together with the other Polynesian languages , such as Samoan, Maori, Tahitian and Tonga, to the Austronesian language family. It is classified in the subgroup of marque Saxon languages.
Adelbert von Chamisso published in his report "On the Hawaiian language" before the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin on January 12, 1837 the first grammar of the Hawaiian.
The Hawaiian language is in danger of extinction. On most of the Hawaiian Islands it was replaced by English and is no longer used as an everyday language and communication. An exception is the island of Niihau, as it is privately owned and their visit is strictly regulated.
- 5.3.1 Article
- 5.3.2 Grammatical particles
- 5.3.3 Two kinds of genitives
- 5.3.4 Places
- 5.4.1 Personal pronouns
- 5.4.2 possessive
- 5.4.3 demonstrative
- 5.4.4 interrogative
Repression and revival
1900 37,000 people were still talking Hawaiian as a first language. This number has now dropped to 1,000 speakers; half of them is over 70 years old today.
The gradual displacement of the Hawaiian language began with the declining share of Hawaiians in the total population in the 19th century. 1896 declared a law to English main language in all public and private schools (1896 Laws of the Republic of Hawaii, Act 57, sec 30, June 8, 1896). In the following decades, this trend continued. In 1957, first published in Hawaiian - English Dictionary ( Pukui / Elbert ) can be regarded as a turning point today. In the following years, the growing interest in the Hawaiian language in various fields, until it was finally charged in 1978 with an amendment to the Constitution to the status of an official language. There are now hawaiischsprachige schools for children whose parents receive the language for the next generation (or reintroduce ) want. In broadcasting, there is a "Hawaiian word of the day ". Between 2006 and 2008, more than 24,000 U.S. citizens in a census to use Hawaiian in everyday life.
An important role in the revival of Hawaiian plays the exact reproduction of the sounds in written language. Since the different pronunciation of Hawaiian words leads to different meanings, the spelling with diacritics Okina and Kahakō is an essential condition for use Hawaiian names and terms.
Impact of this revival also across the state also. So were renamed by the Senate of the United States National Park in Hawaii in the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000, the case with Okina and Kahakō the subject of a federal law was.
An important role in the revival of the language also play the hula and Hawaiian musicians such as Gabby Pahinui and Israel Kamakawiwoole.
Hawaiian Creole English
"Hawaiian Creole English " ( HCE, also called " Pidgin Hawaiian ," although the term Pidgin is used by linguists only for the first generation of a new mixed language ) is a locally spoken based mixture of English with borrowings from Hawaiian and from Asian languages (mainly Japanese, Chinese and Tagalog ), which was created when immigrants to work in the sugar cane and pineapple plantations came into the country and had to communicate with the native plantation workers. In 1986 there were 600,000 speakers of HCE whose strongest dialect of speakers of standard English language as well as can not be understood.
The Hawaiian sound system
The Hawaiian sound system is distinguished by characteristic sound shifts to other Polynesian languages . The most important are * [k ] to Hawaiian [] ( Glottalverschlusslaut Okina ) * [ t] hawaiian [k ], * [r ] to Hawaiian [ l] * and [ ŋ ] to Hawaiian [ n]. [ w] is obtained as such and not become [v ]. The vowels have undergone no change compared to the " Gemeinpolynesischen ".
The Hawaiian alphabet
The Hawaiian alphabet, called pīāpā, based on the Latin alphabet and was introduced in the 19th century by American missionaries.
Before the introduction of the alphabet, there were Hawaiian only in spoken form. It consists of 12 letters of the Latin alphabet and the Okina, making it one of the shortest alphabets of the world ( the Rotokas alphabet has one letter less, the Pirahã language has two letters less). The alphabet is the 13 phonemes of the language clear. The letters are a, e, i, o, u, p, k, m, n, w, l, h The letter w is sometimes written as v. A macron (called Hawaiian Kahakō ) over a vowel, as in ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, means that the vowel spoken long and the syllable is stressed. The vowel color does not change.
Initially no sign was written for the Glottisverschlusslaut in spoken Hawaiian language. Thus, for example, the letter sequence appeared in aa place names Kapaa, although spoken before the last vowel a of Glottisverschlusslaut. Since the appearance of the Hawaiian - English Dictionary is a growing correct spelling with Okina by ( Kapaa ). The Okina is now increasingly viewed not as a symbol, but the full letter. For example, the word Hawaii is correctly written Hawaii. This is according to tradition of the elders, the letter k is missing, the origin of the name is preserved as Hawaiki. The two i be so spoken separately. Another example is the word of Oahu ( the most populous of the Hawaiian islands ). The emphasis here is on the a, not on the possibly
The Hawaiian language has only 162 possible syllables the smallest syllable stock of all languages. The meaning of some words changes with the syllable length: kane = skin disease, but with lengthening of the first syllable Kane = man; mana = power or force, on the other hand maña = chewed mass.
Grammar
Like all Polynesian languages , or even the Chinese Hawaiian is an isolating language. This means that all grammatical relations are expressed by word order and particles. Endings do not exist, and the words change not otherwise. Exceptions are a few prefixes and suffixes for word formation, hoo - as = zoom in particular the causative prefix in hoonui to nui = large and the Substantivierungs suffix -na, as in okina = " separator character " ( Okina ) to oki = cut off, disconnect. Some words have one plural forms in which vowels are stretched as Wahine ( "Women" ) to wahine ( " wife "). In general, the plural is expressed, but only by the article.
There are only two types of words: meaning words and particles. All explanatory dictionary can have the function of nouns, adjectives or verbs, depending on where they stand and what particles precede them. So is the set
Speak OLELO for the verb, marked by the position of the beginning of a sentence, but in the sentence
OLELO for the noun language, marked among other things, with the article ka.
A grammatical gender is unknown. ia he is, she and it.
Word order
The normal word order in a sentence is a verb - subject - object. So-called static verbs correspond in German adjectives with the auxiliary verb "to be", eg Nui ka hale. - The house is big.
For all three parts can include particles that determine the sentence.
In order to highlight parts of sentences can be prefixed as in Germans. You will then be marked with the determiner regularly o: O au kou kaikuahine. - I'm your sister. vs.. O kou kaikuahine au. - Your sister I am.
Verb phrase
Time and type of action
From verbs in our mind we can not talk in Hawaiian. Instead, there are particles that make a word meaning to the verb. These particles simultaneously determine the time and action aspect:
In the spoken language the particles, etc., and e are often omitted.
For the passive particle ia placed after the verb.
Direction particles and adverbials
Behind the verb particles may be indicative of the direction of the verb, among others, as German ago and gone. This Directional are:
- Ae = up; then; marked Comparative
- Aku = off ( the speaker ), eg Hele aku! = Go away!
- Iho = down; itself, for itself
- Mai = ago (for speakers), for example, Hele mai! = Come on!
Ae according to these properties increases: maikai = good, maikai ae = better, best. Iho often stands after verbs that express bodily functions and for our understanding are not reflexive, such as eating (ai), drinking ( inu ) and think ( manao ).
Under the direction of particles can still adverbials are as nō = very, laa = there, then; nae = however, but; Ē = already = paha perhaps, hoi = pretty, really, because; or whales = just, stop.
Negation
Is not denied by aole =. The particle inter alia, will be replaced by aole i: among others hele ke kanaka ( the man went ) → aole i hele ke kanaka (the man did not ). Personal pronouns stand between aole and i: aole au i hele ( I did not go; au = I )
Being and having
A word to be there is not. In sentences for identity, it does not even appear: hey pahu Keia = a box which = " which is a box ". In sentences that describe a property that stands on German be adjective (eg, " happy "). In Hawaiian, the adjective is used instead as a verb: eg Hauoli oe = you happy -st = " you're happy ".
Similarly, lacking a word for have. Instead of " I have a car ," says you have a car ( is ) my = he kaa kou. (See below to genitives and possessive pronouns. )
Noun phrase
Article
Particles which mark a word as a noun is mainly the article:
Ke is before words beginning with a, e, o or k. Before any other words is ka.
Hey mau is used only if you would otherwise understand the singular.
Grammatical particles
Grammatical relations are expressed by other particles:
- O: marked subjects. For example, Ua hele o Pua ( Pua went ).
- I or ia ( before pronouns and names): marked objects. For example, Ua NANA o Pua i ka hale ( Pua saw the house ). i mean even in when the place is only given about: Ke noho nei o Pua i Hawaii ( Pua lives in Hawaii).
- Ma exact location, in: Ke noho nei o Pua ma i Kahuku Hawaii ( Pua lives in Kahuku in Hawaii).
- A: 1 genitive, for things that you have purchased and may lose ( Exact representation below).
- O: genitive 2, for things that you 've always had ( eg body parts) or to a place belong.
- E: of the Passive: Ai ia e Pua ( Pua eaten ).
- ē: marked Salutation ( vocative ): Aloha oe, ē Pua! ( Howdy, Pua! )
- Mai: from: mai Maui ( from Maui).
- Na: for, made by: Na Pua ka puke ( From Pua is the book ).
- No: for: No Pua ka puke ( For Pua is the book ).
- Pe: as pe Pua ( as Pua ).
Two kinds of genitives
In all Polynesian languages , there is a genitive for " alienable " Ownership (A- genitive, genitive case 1), and one for " inalienable " Ownership (O- genitive, genitive 2). a and o are both called from. The difference is that a ratio called a possession that one has begun voluntarily and also can end (eg, a book ), and o means that you always had something ( eg body parts), inherited or donated got (eg a house ), or that there are places (such as the beach of Waikiki, ke o kahakai Waikīkī ). You are saying ka maia a Pua ( Pua banana), but ka lima o Pua ( Pua hand).
However, this is a rule of thumb. Whether you say a or o, follows its own logic. Small, portable objects, such as apples, books or pens require almost always a difficult Replaceable Everything from the traditional culture demands o, such as houses, boats, land, chiefs, ancestors and gods. Even things that carry or engulf you, ask o, such as cars, horses, chairs or dresses. Sometimes both are possible, but with different meanings: ka mele a Pua Pua = song (which she wrote ), but ka mele o Pua Pua = the song ( the song about / for Pua ).
Accordingly, there are two kinds of possessive pronouns. Your means chewing or kou, depending on the A- or O- genitive.
Places
As " prepositions " to Location can be at most the particles ( approximately ), ma ( exactly ) and denote i mai (off). More detailed location information is suppressed with an O- genitive of i loko o ka hale = " inside the house ". Loko ( "Inside " ) will work with a noun. Words for local label are:
- Loko = interior, indoors, in
- Waho = exterior, outside, from
- Luna = top, above, on
- Lalo = bottom, down, under
- Waena = middle, between, between
- Mua = front, front, front; first
- Hope = rear, back, behind; last
- Kai = sea, seaward
- Uka = domestic affairs, landward.
Instead i also ma is used, which is then writes together with the location information: maloko etc.
Pronoun
Personal pronouns
The pronoun Hawaiian knows a dual ( two- speed ) and an inclusive and exclusive we:
Because of the dual and the two varieties of us there are four possible translations for the set we go to Honolulu:
- Ua hele Kaua i Honolulu - we both (you and I ) go to Honolulu.
- Ua hele Maua i Honolulu - We both go to Honolulu ( but not you ).
- Ua hele kakou i Honolulu - We go to Honolulu (and you too).
- Ua hele makou i Honolulu - We go to Honolulu ( but not you ).
Possessive
As shown in " Two things genitive ," there is because of the two types of ownership in Hawaiian also two sets of possessive pronouns:
The two sets differ only by a or o in the first syllable. The rules for a- and o- genitive is said according maia Kau, Kau puke for your banana, your book, but kou lima, kou waa for your hand, your boat.
In addition, there are the two " neutral " forms kuu and ko for mine and yours. Kuu is used especially for something that you want to keep, such as kuu ipo " my treasure".
According to figures, EHIA ( how much ) and aohe (no ) the initial k of the possessive pronoun is omitted: EHIA AU puke? (instead of chewing puke ): "How many are your books? " = How many books do you have? - Ekolu au puke (instead kau puke ): "Three are my books" = I have three books. The initial k is actually the article ka / ke, which is merged with a or o and the pronouns.
If a majority must be expressed, you can make this as he with mau: kau mau puke = my books.
Demonstrative pronoun
How did the Hawaiian Spanish a triple set of indicative pronouns:
The difference between the forms with and without K K is roughly of that one could show in the forms with K on it and not the taxes excluded. Behind K hides again the article ka / ke. Ia, as described above, also the word for he, she, it:
- Maikai oia = She is fine. ( Oia = o for the nominative ia, cf English She is well. )
- Maikai Keia = The is doing well.
The exact usage rules are quite complicated. Like with the possessive pronoun is in confusion with mau a plural form: Keia mau ia = these fish.
More demonstrative are:
- Nei: expresses something that is a sympathetic, for example Hawaii nei = our ( dear ) Hawaii. Actually, the same as the aspect marker in nei ke ... for ongoing actions.
- Ala, laa: Similar nei. Appended to verbs it says " then " Ai iho la oia = then he ate it. ( iho means or for themselves. Hawaiian On one eats something. Refer direction particles. )
- Among other things, highlighted something that has already been mentioned, among others kanaka nei = this man ( which we have already discussed ).
Interrogative
The interrogative pronouns are wai = who? and aha = what?. Cases are, as always, indicated by the particle. Therefore, who is to say? as a noun o wai? , whose? is called a wai? or o wai? (depending on ), and from whom? ie IĀ wai? . How much? ie EHIA? .
The other question words with hea (which, why? ) Is formed:
- Why? = Hea?
- Which one? = Ka mea hea? (ka mea = the thing)
- How? = Pehea? ( pe = as )
- Where? = I hea? , Ai hea? (i = in, see above)
- Time in the past? = Ināhea? (INA = if )
- Point in the future? = AHEA? ( ā = if; bis)