Hay
When hay is referred to the dried aboveground biomass of grassland plants ( grasses, herbs, legumes ). It is usually used as feed for livestock and pets. To be differentiated from the hay straw, also a solid agro -product of the use of Druschfrüchten (eg cereals or oilseeds) after removing the seeds.
Coumarin gives fresh hay its peculiar, pleasant spicy smell. In larger amounts of coumarin is hazardous to health.
- 3.1 First section: haymaking
- 3.2 Second section: aftermath, Emde, Ettgrön
- 3.3 Further cuts
- 3.4 Etymology
Extraction
Order by dehydration, preservation of the existing of grasses and usually also wild herbs aufwuchs of grassland, for example, from meadows to achieve by drying, the mown nursery needs as quickly as possible, but at the same time gently, on a dry matter content of about 80 % in the form of soil drying, the drying frame or sub-roof drying are dried with the use of ventilation procedures.
In soil drying of the nursery after mowing remains for several days on the grassland area for the air -drying. During this time the clippings after mowing is first tedded ( apart scattered) overnight to reduce the moisture by dew to the so-called night swaths again raked together, and once or several times turned additionally usually about day and then to dissipate again swaths to meet. The tedding, turning and raking takes place in modern agriculture machine using Tedders and rakes, in special cases (eg for hobby farmers or on steep slopes ) but also by hand with pitchfork and hay rake. To Bodentrockung normally needed with cheaper dry weather three to four days. The soil drying is associated with relatively high losses of substance of the crop by breaking leaves of the crop, the so-called disintegration losses.
For removal of the hay is this mostly pressed in modern agriculture with balers to the small highly compressed bales with a weight of between 10 and 30 kg and sizes of 35 × 25 × 100 cm or large, up to several hundred -pound round or square bales. In a dry storage the hay can be used in this way for over a year as feed for livestock.
To reduce the risk of haying weather are especially in high rainfall areas, methods have been developed instead of on the ground on scaffolding by which the negative effects of rainfall on the drying of the crop and at the same time also the disintegration losses could be reduced. Disadvantage in terms of a rational agriculture by today's standards but that all scaffolding drying processes require a high degree of manual labor. In the framework drying can find various forms of Heureitern application, namely Heinzen ( single piles with cross bars ), Sweden Reuter ( on poles stretched cords or wires ), hay barns ( against each tent- established bed slats ) or tripod Reuter ( wigwam similarly well-established structures of three connected with cross bars piles ). The Heinzen and Sweden Reutern the crop can be hung immediately after the cut to this, in the hay huts or tripod Reutern other hand, a pre-drying to about 50 % dry matter content in the soil is required.
Pictures
Framework Drying: Sweden Reuter in Tjornuvik, Faroe Islands
Heinzen
Tripod Reuter
Construction of slatted frames for hay huts
Haymaking: Presses of round bales
The procedures for ventilation drying of hay also serve to reduce the weather risk and the disintegration losses. Here is the haystack ( the hay ) on the farm on fan forced with cold or warmed up air as long blow (ventilated ) until a safe preservative dry matter content is reached. Depending on the design of the system can already be retracted on the ground pre-dried grass clippings with a moisture content of 65%; in favorable weather conditions this is the case, just one day after soil drying. After sufficient drying of the hay that may be left for further storage in the same camp. When air drying, the hay, because it can not be vented compressed, not pressed by the baler, but recovered in first line by means of wagons and transported to the hay.
High quality hay should be dust-free and have a dry matter content of about 86%. Hay must be stored before feeding at least two months, otherwise, due to unfinished fermentation processes (so-called sweating ) in the hay can lead to dangerous digestion disorders.
The individual sections show significant differences in quality: The Hay includes the fiber and carbohydrate-rich grasses to flowering, and the typical Spring Wildflowers ( for example, buttercup or yarrow). Latter growth is shorter and contains more herbs. It is rich in nutrients due to a relative to the first section previous section date or has a lower proportion of structural carbohydrates than hay. Aftermath is suitable as feed for dairy cattle especially because of its high protein content. Due to the Kolikgefahr however, it may even be dangerous for horses. The other cuts are inferior and widespread is instead the Nachgrasen.
The first cut is preserved in today's production is not as hay, but predominantly to silage to increase the total yield of grassland as well as to increase digestibility and nutrient content of the feed. In addition, as the leaf proportion (herbs, flowers) is minimized. This tends to mold growth in silage and leads to increased losses at harvest. Growing crop for silage mowing mostly just before stem elongation, the growing crop for hay two to four weeks later. By the later cutting date, the proportion of structural carbohydrates ( see also crude fiber ) increases in the plant, which on one hand the drying shortened and on the other hand leads to fewer losses in the field ( less mountains losses by higher stem proportion ). The number of possible uses of the growing crop depends very much on the intensity of management. With extensive land use, the surfaces are sometimes only one or mowed twice per year ( plus Nachweide ), with intensive farming three to five times a year (possibly then Nachweide or Mulch-/Pflegeschnitt ). The strength of the management is also the location ( climate, soil, etc. ) dependent.
When hay preservative form the weather risk is significantly higher than for silage: While silage is ideally retracted at a water content of 65 %, hay should contain no more than 15% water. Therefore, it must be substantially longer for drying remain on the field (up to several days, silage sometimes only one day). To avoid spoilage of the hay in bad weather, it was formerly widespread hung ( by hand) on Heureiter (framework drying, see above). Is the hay pressed into damp, this mainly by fungi (yeasts ) results in a reheating of the material. This entails loss of nutrients and contamination with Gärschädlingen. Excessively moist hay produced due to the fast running fermentation process such high temperatures that hay bales or the entire hay can spontaneously ignite ( Heuselbstentzündung ).
Because of the humid summer climate in northern Germany hay is used as a preservative form there significantly less common than in southern Germany. Addition, however, the lower losses and the ease of handling have largely ensured that the silage is the predominant form of conservation in agriculture today.
Use
Due to its favorable composition for horse hay has a very high importance in feeding horses, the use in cattle feeding decreases by the excellence of silage feeding. Hay with increased moisture content, which is preserved under exclusion of air, is considered haylage and comes as a dust-free feed the horses for use. Despite the sometimes diverse composition of several plant species hay legally considered as feed ingredients.
Significance of the hay feeding in dairy farming for the production of raw milk cheese ( Emmentaler, Gruyere, Sbrinz etc.). Since silage feeding can in the dairy farming lead to problems in the production of raw milk cheese, is prohibited in part, for the suppliers of raw milk dairies silage feeding and is replaced by hay and grass meal - feeding. Regional milk is expelled from silage- free feeding in Austria under the brand name Heumilch.
For energy use hay is conditionally suitable. Its use as a herbaceous fuel is permitted in appropriate heating systems. Due to the fuel properties of hay plant technology is more demanding than for example the combustion of wood, also a downstream exhaust gas cleansing is necessary even for small systems to comply with applicable emission limits.
The residual in the Heulagerung fine material, mainly leaf breakage, husks and seeds and other small parts is called hay flowers ( Graminis flos ) and is a traditional remedy.
Differentiation and naming on harvest time
Depending on the region, but also regional altitude (climatic conditions ) are meadows in Central Europe up to six times a year cut (cuts or Mahden ).
First cut: haymaking
Where the first section, which takes place in early summer is, especially mowing ( the f, regional and the n, Frühmahd, Frühheu etc., ), so that one ' thinks only the lining of the early summer harvest in professional circles with hay. This specialization is more pronounced in the south than in the north.
Second cut: aftermath, Emde, Ettgrön
The second section, which usually takes place in mid-summer, and the harvest is, generally German aftermath ( n ). Another word is Emd (s), Öhmd, or Ettgrön. Where there are only two sections, it is said also aftermath, otherwise referred to the a further section. The absence of a separate word for the second cut is occupied for the early 20th century, only two larger islands, in Südmärkischen in Berlin (second section), and Erzgebirge (Second Virgin ).
The latter growth is characterized by a higher protein content, which is why it needs to know more intensive drying than the first cut. In agriculture Tedder be used to support the Mähguttrocknung. In case of insufficient drying there is a risk of self-ignition during subsequent storage in the loft.
Further cuts
The third section has only regionally own word about Tirolisch Pofel, ahrntalerisch Böüfel whose etymology is unknown, or the Salzburg Lake District, Mondsee and the Tennengau Woad ( to pasture, then the cattle to " Nachweiden " are put to the hay meadows ). Otherwise the other sections only counted (third section).
Executed before mowing cuts in spring hot regionally pre-or early -section; partly also stands for haymaking.
Etymology
The word aftermath as the main form of, second mowing ' arose from MHG gruonmât to prove since the 13th century and now consider a Kompositumbildung as a substitute for hay, whose meaning is narrowed to the first cut. In the composition with mowing the first component is etymologically initially based on green, perhaps because, increasingly, other green fodder such as reseeding was mowed, but goes on a common Germanic root * Gro- grow ' back that underlies both green and grass, as well as english grain, grain ' and similar bavarian Grøa for a main cereal dialect and in German. In its today form the High German word in the Vosges ( Grummat ) and the Sudetes ( aftermath ) is in use. In addition, in Tyrol Gruamat, Upper Bavarian- Austrian Groamat / d, down Bavarian Gram ( m) at, Groamet in which the Rhön Grommet, the Rhenish Slate Mountains Graumet, middle Rhine Gro (o ) m, Grommet, Gromisch, ( with the wording to J ) low Saxon grams (t ), Grammer, ostmitteldeutsch Grum (m) t, Gru ( h) nd, East Prussian Gromme ( l) t spread.
The second form is Alemannic Emde (n.), from MHG for Amat, Abmahd ' ( MHG ā- for, gone, gone ') in the same form as the latter growth. Today, the most widely used is Swiss German and Swabian Ö ( h) md, E ( h) mt, on the Rhine also Amat, north O ( h ) m ( e) t, vorarlbergisch O ( h) mad, between the Danube and Lech Aumat. In addition, it is found on a linguistic island in the resin also Ommeten.
A third form is Ettgrön, ett -to - OHG ita, re - ' (as in OHG itaruchen, cud ' and OHG for return ). This word has been preserved only in Schleswigischen and East Frisian, Ettgroahr found himself on the river Ems, Ettgrau in the forested mountains. But the word may have been common before. A related form, Ettwort ( to asächs mound. , Root ') is, Oldenburg.
Another recent form is probably Aftermath ( f ). It is found only in the Low German language area, commonly Na ( h) mad / t, smal Na / ohmeid, Lower Franconia / Westphalian N ( a) ohmatt and forms Variants such as Limburg Nohheu, Nachheu ' and ostpommersch No ( h) section; small area near Lüneburg was also Nachgras and Oldenburgische Nohgrus in use.
History
Haymaking in Gmunden, Austria, 1900: removal of hay in a handcart
Haymaking in the Black Forest before 1915: removal of hay in dross
Haymaking in the Black Forest to 1942. Wiesenbaum (top) and abort the loose, hanging hay
The rake to windrow, 1954
Haymaking with Kuhgespann, mid twentieth century, Haselbach / Thuringia
Before driven by tractors wagons and balers were widespread, the hay was mostly loaded on wagons pulled by horses, oxen or cows by hand with a pitchfork and transported to the farm. After the hay was on the car, it was weighted according to a meadow beam length. An attached rope was wound on a winch with the winch spoons, tense, and thus secured the hay from falling. Loose droopy hay was removed with the rake and recharged. In rough terrain (eg during hay making ) the hay often had to be carried on the back in the barn. Also Holzschlitten found at Heutransport use.