Hijab

Hijab (Arabic حجاب, ḥiǧāb DMG ) is an Arabic term that generally includes linguistically different meanings ( cover, curtain, curtain, screen ), in the specific sense but the concealment and shield of the woman called after widespread view that social and standard order of Islam distinguished. Among the measures, including the Islamic hijab usually include:

• The accessibility of the woman, only for those men who exclusionary family relationship ( mahram ratio ) are in a marriage to her
• The veiling of women against all men who are not mahram in a relationship with her,
• The retreat of the woman in the women's quarters in the house with a visit from men who belong to this circle,
• The veiling of women at the output on the road and in the public.

In India and Pakistan, these rules are also referred to as the Persian term Parda, the same general meaning as that of the Arabic word hijab ( " curtain ", " veil "). Failure to comply with the hijab rules and the uncovering of the veil are called in Arabic Sufur ( سفور ).

Hijab in the Quran

The term hijab comes in the Koran at various other locations, where it has different meanings. In Sura 7:46, he refers to the partition between the inmates of Hell and the people of Paradise, in Sura 17:45 and 41:5 the partition between Muhammad and the unbelievers, in Sura 42:51 the dividing wall between God and man in the process revelation. In relation to women, the term is mentioned in Sura 19:17 and 33:53.

As a basis for the Islamic precept of concealment and shield of the woman serves verse sura 33:53, which is also called hijab verse ( آية الحجاب / ayat al - ḥiǧāb ). In it the faithful are asked if they ask the Prophet wives for something to do this behind a shield ( ḥiǧāb ):

" And if its the wives of the Prophet ( w. she ) asks for ( some ) something that you need, then do that from behind a curtain! In this way shall have your and her heart rather pure ( w. That is purer for you, and her heart ). "

Islamic tradition knows different occasions revelation of this verse, the best-known tradition says that the verse was the occasion of the events at the wedding of Muhammad with Zaynab bint Jahsh, which took place in March 627, sent down. The Prophet felt annoyed by wedding guests, apparently without permission to enter his house and made ​​contact with his wives on this occasion. As a result of this incident the hijab bid of Sura 33:53 was issued.

The interpretation of the hijab verse

Although the hijab verse refers only to the wives of the Prophet, but he was read together with other useful related Quranic verses (Sura 33:59 and Sura 24:31 ), which are related to the women of the Muslims in general, and deduced that the hijab bid also for all Muslim women. The Wahhabi scholar ibn Abd al- Aziz Baz, who was from 1992 to 1999 General Mufti of Saudi Arabia, said, they can derive the veiling of women bid even directly from this verse. In his treatise " The jewelry and the risk of participation of women in the workplace of the man " ( at- Tabarruǧ wa - határ mušārakat al -mar ʾ a li -r- raǧul fī Maidan ʿ amali - hī ) he wrote about the hijab verse:

" This noble verse is a clear text indication of the duty of shielding ( taḥaǧǧub ) of the women from the men and the veil in front of them. For God - exalted is He - has made it clear in this verse that the shield for greater purity for the hearts of men and women and the lewd behavior and the things that cause it, also stands. God has pointed out that the unveiling ( Sufur ) and non- shielding wickedness ( ḫubṯ ) and impurity ( naǧāsa ), while the shield purity ( Tahara ) and welfare ( Salama ) is. "

In the Koran there are no rules, what it should look a garment that corresponds to the veiling bid. Legal scholars of Islam, the ulama have imposed rules to which body parts (see Aura (Islam) ) must be of the Muslim woman in the presence of non- mahram men covered. It Quran and Hadith were used. After consensus conservative scholar of the hijab should fulfill the following requirements:

Various Islamic communities put the hijab different degrees of severity, so refrain Alevis completely on him, because they can not derive any obligation on the hijab from the corresponding set out in the Koran. The Islamic scholar and Egyptian Minister of Religious Affairs Mahmoud Zakzouk, who is also president of the Supreme Islamic Council for the Arab Republic of Egypt, can also detect no compulsion for the hijab in Islam. Legal scholar Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, such as ʿ Abd al - ʿ or Azeez ibn Baaz, however, represented a more rigorous point of view. In their view, even the face and hands must be covered.

Regional differences

In Turkey, the traditional form of hijab the Çarşaf, Iran and the Iraqi Shiites the chador. In Arab countries, the jilbab is combined with face veil called a niqab. In Pakistan and India Parda or the burka be worn.

See: veiling in Saudi Arabia

Modern fashion

The modernity and changing gender roles also cause the hijab advancements. So the designer Cindy van developed the Bremen (born 1972) in the Netherlands, where Muslim girls were allowed to wear headscarves at school sports for safety reasons with the result that they truant school or have been excluded from physical education classes in their final project at the Design Academy Eindhoven as an idea in 2001, the " sports hijab ". The then 29 -year-old drew it specially an imam to rate, thus mentioned by her " Capsters " models are also, according to the Islamic dress code. Meanwhile, they sold the models " aerobics ", " outdoor ", " skate " and "Tennis".

In Australia, the Lebanese- Australian designer Aheda Zanetti designed the swimsuit Burkini, as the Australian lifeguard beings also for Muslims and especially Muslim women was opened.

The sporting goods manufacturer Nike produced in 2006, in cooperation with the UNHCR, for Muslim women in Somali refugee camps in Kenya Volleyball Jerseys ( Project Together for Girls). The jerseys were made of a headgear, a long-sleeved shirt and a wide ankle-length pants. The gold medalist of the Asian Games 2006 in the 200 meter race Ruqaya al - Ghasara from Bahrain helped her win a full body suit and a hijab with the Nike logo.

Swimming and sports clothing that meets Islamic requirements, is produced and distributed worldwide: for example, in Turkey by the Istanbul company Hasema Tekstil Turz. Spor Malzeme ve Ambalaj San Tic. Ltd.. and in Indonesia from Zehba, a subsidiary of PTHalal Indonesia. In Egypt, a sharia came from 2000 swimsuit and swimming hijab on the market.

Hijab are often fixed to stabilize when worn with scarf pins, called hijab pins. The fixation of tissues by these pins is traditionally done with needles. These can be simple plug and safety pins to larger brooches. Recently, also pins with magnets are used as towel holder but.

Hijab as forced

In the States, Saudi Arabia and Iran, the hijab for women is mandatory because of state laws. Failure to comply with the regulation threatens stiff penalties (among punishment ). In many Muslim countries is for Muslim women practically the obligation to hijab, for example in Yemen, Oman and the other small Gulf states as well as in Afghanistan and, more recently, after the conquest of power by Hamas in 2007, also in Gaza, where women are threatened without a headscarf. In Iraq, women who wear a headscarf, or are otherwise dressed " un-Islamic " and increasingly victims of violence, even murder. Even members of other faiths, such as Christians, are forced to wear the headscarf.

The compulsion is justified for hijab with the Qur'anic requirement to enjoin the right and forbid the wrong. According to classical Islamic law ( sharia ) coercive means are to not only permitted but required. Since 16 November 2013, the hijab is no longer cockpit in Iran.