House of Este
The Este were one of the oldest Italian noble families. They reigned 1240-1597 Ferrara and Modena 1288-1796. Since 1452 they were the Dukes of Modena. Members of the family were important patrons of the Renaissance.
History
The originating from the Franconian noble family settled at the time of Charlemagne in Lombardy. Alberto Azzo II d' Este († 1097 ), built in 1056 near the town of Este castle of the same and named after her.
He had three sons from two marriages, who founded the various lines of the family:
- Welf IV d' Este ( Guelfo ), the eldest, was the son of Gwendolyn ( † before 1056 ), the last heiress of Guelph. He is the progenitor of the recent German Guelph Line ( Welf -Estonians ), which extends to present-day British royal family, and even in the male flowers ( House of Hanover ).
- Hugo, arise from the second marriage, took over the County of Maine, his mother's heritage, but sold it a year later; he died without issue.
- The younger Italian line ( Fulc -Este or just Este ) began with I. Fulco d'Este ( † around 1128/35 ), the third son. His descendants led since 1171 the title of Marquis of Este, from 1452 the Dukes of Modena and Reggio from 1471 and of the Dukes of Ferrara. The Italian line became extinct in the male line in 1803 and was succeeded by the House of Austria- Este.
The two flowering lines ( on the German side, Henry the Lion ) joined 1154 a treaty of the younger branch of the possession in Italy zusprach. The Fulc -Este acquired in the aftermath of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. Este himself went to Padua in 1275 and 1405 with Padua to Venice.
Borso d' Este got by Emperor Frederick III. 1452 for the Duke of Modena and Reggio title, and took in return, both by him as an imperial fief in reception; 1471 was followed by Pope Paul II the same title for Ferrara as papal fief. The legitimate line of the family died out with Alfonso II d' Este in 1597, limited to the imperial fief sideline extramarital origin bore the name on. Ferrara in 1598, drafted by Pope Clement VIII because of the lack of legitimacy of heirs and incorporated into the Papal States.
In the wake of the French Revolution, the two duchies were 1796 declared Cispadanischen Republic, which merged into the Cisalpine Republic in the following year. The ducal family was compensated in 1801 by the Peace of Luneville with the Habsburg possessions Breisgau and Ortenau; 1803 died last duke, Ercole III. d' Este, his daughter Maria Beatrice brought the inheritance back to the Habsburgs, and was with her husband Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria -Este founder of the line. The Breisgau and went Ortenau 1805 also lost, here (from 1806), Grand Duke of Baden took over the new elector and later the rule. After the Congress of Vienna Modena was returned to the heirs. 1859/60 but declined the possession finally lost in the wake of the Risorgimento and the founding of the Kingdom of Italy.
The last duke of Austria -Este family of Franz V died in 1875. He did not inherited the title and his fortune to his niece, Archduchess Marie Therese, who with the later King Ludwig III. was married from Bavaria, but offered Archduke Karl Ludwig, a younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I. of a use of his two sons as heirs - under the condition that this should take the name " Austria -Este ". So wore in 1875, his son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria -Este ( born 1863), the name. After the death of Crown Prince Rudolf was Franz Ferdinand in 1896 also heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary. After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in 1914, the name " Austria -Este " was passed on to his great-nephew, Archduke Robert ( born 1915), son of the later Emperor Karl I.. Robert's mother, Zita of Bourbon- Parma, daughter of Duke Robert I of Parma was a great-granddaughter of Maria Theresa of Savoy, Duchess of Parma and Lucca, daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria -Este, Queen of Sardinia, which in turn daughter of Maria Beatrice d' Este and Archduke Ferdinand, the founders of the line Austria -Este was.
Today, the name " Austria -Este " Archduke Roberts carrying son, Archduke Lorenz of Austria -Este, who was awarded as the husband of Princess Astrid of Belgium in 1995 by King Albert II also the title of Prince of Belgium. The five children of the couple held since 1991 the title Archduke and Archduchess of Austria -Este and Prince and Princess of Belgium.
See also: History of Ferrara and Modena history of
Significant family members
- Borso d' Este (1413-1471) Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
- Ercole I d' Este (1431-1505), Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
- Isabella d' Este (1474-1539), married to Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua
- Beatrice d' Este (1475-1497), married to Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan
- Alfonso I d' Este (1476-1534) Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio, married to Lucrezia Borgia
- I. Ippolito d'Este (1479-1520) Cardinal
- Ercole II d' Este (1508-1559) Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
- Ippolito II d' Este (1509-1572) Cardinal, builder of the Villa d' Este
- Anna d' Este (1531-1607), Duchess of Aumale and Guise, Duchess of Nemours in second marriage and Genevois
- Alfonso II d' Este (1533-1597) Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio,
- Francesco III. d' Este (1698-1780) Duke of Modena and Reggio
Men and Marquis of Este
- Alberto Azzo II d' Este († 1097 )
- I. Fulco d'Este († 1128 )
- Azzo d'Este IV ( † before 1145 )
- Bonifacio I d' Este († 1163 )
- Fulk II d' Este ( † before 1172 )
- Bonifacio II d' Este († 1190 )
- Obizzo I d' Este († 1193 ) since 1171 as Margrave of Este
- Azzo V. († 1193 ), Margrave of Este
- Azzo VI. († 1212 ), Margrave of Este of Ferrara Podestà
- Aldobrandino I ( † 1215), Margrave of Este, podestà of Mantua from 1212
- Azzo VII Novello († 1264 ), Margrave of Este, podestà of Ferrara from 1215, Podestà of Mantua from 1253
- I. Rinaldo († 1251 )
- Obizzo II († 1293 ), Margrave of Este, podestà of Ferrara from 1264, lord of Modena from 1288, lord of Reggio from 1289
- Francesco I († 1312), Margrave of Este from 1282
- Bertoldo I ( † 1343 ), Margrave of Este
- Francesco II († 1384 ), Margrave of Este
- Azzo IX. († 1415), Margrave of Este
- Taddeo († 1448 ), Margrave of Este
- Bertoldo II († 1463 ), Margrave of Este
Lords of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio
- Obizzo II d'Este († 1293 ), Margrave of Este, Podesta of Ferrara from 1264, lord of Modena from 1288, lord of Reggio from 1289
- Azzo VIII d' Este († 1308), Lord of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio from 1293
- Aldobrandino II d'Este († 1326) distributed lord of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio from 1308
- Rinaldo d'Este II († 1335), reinstated, lord of Ferrara from 1317
- I. Niccolò d'Este († 1344) Mitherr
- Rinaldo III. d' Este († 1369 )
- Obizzo III. d' Este († 1352) Lord of Ferrara from 1335, lord of Modena from 1336
- Aldobrandino III. d' Este († 1361 ) follows in 1352
- Niccolò II d' Este († 1388 ) follows in 1361
- Alberto I. d'Este († 1393 ) follows in 1388
- Niccolò III. d' Este († 1441 ) follows in 1393
- Leonello d' Este († 1450 ) followed in 1441, Marquis of Ferrara
- Borso d' Este († 1471 ), followed in 1450, Duke of Modena and Reggio in 1452, the Duke of Ferrara in 1471
Dukes of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio 1452-1597
- Borso 1452-1471 ( Duke of Ferrara 1471 )
- Ercole I. 1471-1505
- Alfonso I. 1505-1534
- Ercole II 1534-1559
- Alfonso II 1559-1597
Dukes of Modena and Reggio 1597-1796
- Cesare 1597-1628
- Alfonso III. 1628-1629 († 1644)
- Francesco I 1629-1658
- Alfonso IV 1658-1662
- Francesco II 1662-1694
- Rinaldo 1694-1737
- Francesco III. 1737-1780
- Ercole III. 1780-1796 († 1803)
Dukes of Modena and Reggio from the House of Habsburg ( Austria -Este ) 1814-1860
( since 1815 also Duke of Mirandola and since 1829 Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara)
- Francesco IV 1814-1846
- Francesco V. 1846-1859 († 1875)
Bearer of the name " Austria -Este " from the House of Habsburg after 1859
- Archduke Francis of Austria (Francesco V. ) 1859-1875
- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 1875-1914
- Archduke Robert of Austria 1915-1996
- Archduke Lorenz of Austria 1996 -
Other
- Auguste Emma d' Este (1801-1866)
- Augustus Frederick d' Este (1794-1848)
- Beatrix of Este (1215-1245), Queen of Hungary
- Eleonora d' Este (1515-1575), Italian aristocracy
- Maria Fortunata d' Este (1734-1803), Italian princess and by marriage Countess de la Marche and Princess de Conti
- Maria Teresa Felicita d' Este (1726-1754), by marriage Duchess of Penthièvre