Ibid.

The adverb ibid (abbreviation ibid, also ibid. ), Also just there, has the importance of accurate, just there. It is especially used in scientific papers cite the source or citation used ( there synonymously Latin ibidem, ibid., Ibid, ib ), when referring to the same directly previously specified page of a publication several times. Similarly, ibid used in biographies, if born and died are identical. Furthermore, it is also used in the official language, in order to avoid the repetition of a geographic location.

Use

In the citation of written sources is the German equivalent of the ibid in other languages ​​still customary Latin ibidem ( ibid. or abbreviation ibid ), which was used in the humanities for such a backreference. For the sake of clarity and in order to avoid a return leaves, recommend Norbert Franck and Joachim Stary not to initiate the first footnote one side with a shortcut, but with a more complete bibliographic specification.

In biographies of expression is common when the person depicted died at the same place where she was born, for example, Martin Luther (* November 10, 1483 in Eisleben, † February 18, 1546 ibid ). Very often we find the expression in church records, death certificates and in the genealogy. Occasionally the term is in addition there also used in the bureaucratic official language, for example, in judgments or notarial acts, such as Mrs. Rita Smith, resident Berliner Straße 1, 00000 model city [ ... ] represents her minor son Fritz Smith, residing ibid [ ... ]

Similar terms

Supra / op.cit.

For repeated source references to different pages in a work previously given the abbreviation ibid is ( " the specified location ", " at the place cited " ) used plus page number (s ). The Latin equivalent is op.cit. (Lat. opere citato, dt listed in the factory).

Example: Harry M. Johnson, Sociology, New York 1960, pp. 63 f → Johnson, cited above, pp. 71 f A common mistake is to equate with ibid ibid; ibid always refers to the same directly previously mentioned side while O. refers to another page from a publication previously specified directly op..

A esp. in English-speaking common perception differs Ibid. and supra not in relation to the referenced location ( same page in a work vs. the same mill. ), but with respect to the order of the references: Ibid. ( resp. Ibid. ) is used when directly consecutive references to the same source refer, op.cit. (or supra), if they are on a source -references between multiple references to other works. Accordingly, op cit. only be used in conjunction with the name of the cited author, while in Ibid. only the (possibly different) must be specified page number.

Example: 4 R. Poirer, "Learning physics, " (Academic, New York, 1993), p. 4 5 Ibid. , P. 9 6 T. Eliot, " Astrophysics, " (Springer, Berlin, 1989), p. 141 7 R. Builder, J Phys Chem 20 ( 3) 1654-57, 1991. 8 Eliot, op cit., P.148.

Ditto / a detto

The word ditto performs a similar task. It stands for " likewise, the same as " " called the same thing as before ( or in the text above ) " within the meaning of. example:

" Ditto " is often abbreviated as " ditto ".

Ditto is borrowed from French ditto, the ditto in turn comes from Italian, a scenic variant of detto, the past participle of the Italian verb dire ( say). In commercial parlance, this was taken as a ditto what are "as stated ", " like, the same " in the sense of means. The Italian dire goes back to Latin dicere.

Shorthand notation

In tables and lists, where often the same under each other, even a short notation with a quotation mark ( " ) is used interchangeably for use of ditto. Partial to write this also left and right of a horizontal en dash flanked ( - "- ). For accurate use and typographical rules see also Article underpass characters.