Ideal city
The ideal city, a city planning concept is referred to, in a city from the outset under uniform criteria such as economic, social and political organization - is designed - often associated with social utopian ideas and an aesthetic program.
Ideal cities were almost never realized, but had concepts of the ideal city and have an impact on the urban planning of the city start-ups, plan cities, satellite towns and housing estates.
Features
Unlike cities that have grown from a population center and thereby also to the image of existing social structures without special planning, provide designs for ideal cities often desired social structures schematically and use geometrisierender floor plans, such as checkerboard pattern of concentric rings or star shape.
Historical examples
The oldest known notions of ideal cities, aimed mainly at the political organization, derived from Plato and Aristotle, first plans of Vitruvius. During the Renaissance, these ideas of Alberti in his treatise De re aedificatoria were resumed. Even architects and artists of Filarete about da Vinci to Dürer designed ideal cities. Influential was Utopia by Thomas More and Tommaso Campanella The sunshine state of. Among the few built ideal cities include Palma Nova and Sabbioneta in Italy. The French Revolution of Chaux architect Claude -Nicolas Ledoux was merely a literary utopia, based on a realized Saline plant. The world's first planned university city, according UNESCO is Alcalá de Henares in Spain with his university - they should be the first Civitas Dei ( "City of God") to be.
A strong penchant for ideal cities can be observed from the Renaissance, but only a few were actually executed. One of the most prominent examples of such a plant from this period is the Rhenish Jülich, which was rebuilt after a great fire in the 16th century ideal ideas again, but the original plan was only partially implemented. Another example is Freudenstadt, built much like a mill board game and therefore has similarities with Dürer's ideal city.
Were partially implemented principles of the ideal city in residential towns of the Baroque such as Mannheim, happiness or city of Karlsruhe. Generated by the road arrangement urban dominance of the respective residential palace is commonly interpreted as a reflection of absolutist form of government. To run in the case of the Karlsruhe castle, the main streets in a fan shape on the castle tower; also are geared to the local residence Mannheimer squares and especially the so-called Broad Street.
By Karlsruhe and Mannheim inspired Thomas Jefferson built the city of Washington as a future capital plan in 1792. Under the leadership of the French urban planner Pierre Charles L' Enfant, the city developed in the planned construction period of eight years and was inaugurated in 1800. Even the Mannheim squares can be found there again.
In the late 19th century came with the concept of the Garden City of Ebenezer Howard social reform objectives in the foreground.
Concepts in the 20th Century
New ideal city concepts developed in the 20th century, inter alia, Walter Burley Griffin with the Australian capital Canberra plan (1913 ), Antonio Sant'Elia with the Città Nuova (1914 ), Le Corbusier with the Ville Contemporaine (1922 ) and Lucio Costa with planning for the new capital of Brasília (1956).
Special cases for the purposes of an experimental town under the sign of an urban utopia are the projects Arcosanti in Arizona (USA) and Auroville in South India.